Multilevel models are applicable to both the quantitative data and categorical variables. We used the methods, including the multilevel models, analysis of covariance and CMH chi-square test, to analyse different types of data, to explore the application of multilevel models in the analysis of the multicenter clinical trial center effect. The results showed that the analysis of covariance is more sensitive to find the center effect for quantitative data, while multilevel models are more sensitive to categorical variables. It can be seen that results with different analytical methods for center effect are not the same, and the most appropriate method should be selected in accordance with the characteristics of data, the objective of research, and the applicable conditions of the various methods in practical use.
Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Research Design

OBJECTIVETo investigate molding technology of total alkaloids from Sophora alopecuroides freeze-dried powders and observe its inhibition effects on liver transplantation tumor in mice.

METHODWith color, clarity, water-soluble and formability as indexes, single factor tests were adopted to screen type and amount of filler, the concentration of total alkaloids in drug liquid, pH in order to determine optimum prescription of total alkaloids from S. alopecuroides freeze-dried powders, the lowest melting point was determined and freeze drying curve was drafted. Mice hepatoma H22 ascites tumor strain was sterile inoculated in right axillary subcutaneous of mice, and antitumor effect of total alkaloids from S. alopecuroides freeze-dried powders on liver transplantation tumor H22 in mice.

RESULTWhen selected 80 g x L(-1) as mannitol as filler, the concentration of total alkaloids in drug liquid was 25 g x L(-1) and pH 6.5-7.5, freeze-dried effect was optimum with fast reconstitute speed. Average inhibition rate of the big (120 mg x kg(-1)) and medium (60 mg x kg(-1)) dose group of total alkaloids from S. alopecuroides freeze-dried powders on liver transplantation tumor H22 in mice were 56.08% and 35.49%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONPreparation technology was reasonable, reproducible and stable, total alkaloids from S. alopecuroides freeze-dried powders had significant antitumor effect and showed a dose-effect relationship.

Alkaloids ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Animals ; Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic ; chemistry ; pharmacology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Color ; Freeze Drying ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Mice ; Powders ; chemistry ; Sophora ; chemistry ; Tumor Burden ; drug effects

[Objective]To analyze the clinical and pathological characteristics of myoepithelial carcinoma of nasopharynx,as well as its relationship with Epstein-Barr virus.[Methods]We report twelve cases of myoepithelial carcinoma of nasopharynx,study its clinical,histopathologic,and immunohistologic features,follow-up data and EBERS in-situ hybridization.[Results]Among age of patients ranged from 24 to 65 years(mean age=46 years).Imagery data demonstrated an extensive nodosity filling the nasopharynx,Of these 12 cgses,myoepithelial markers such as S-100,SMA,P63,CK14,CK5/6 and epithelial markers such as CK,CKL,CKH were not always all expressed at one case,but at less one of these two kind of markers expressed at one cage.The results of EBERS in-situ hybridization of 12 cases were negative.[Conclusion]Myoepithelial carcinoma is a low malignat tumor.It seldom takes place in nasopharynx,dispite its morphologic heterogeneity it has some special morphologic and immuohistologic characteristics as well as special result of EBERS in-situ hybridization,which may support its diagnosis.The combinde radiotherapy and chemotherapy after surgical removal of the tumor will control the recurrence and metabasis effectively.

AIM: To investigate the action of testosterone on atherosclerosis in a rabbit model. METHODS: 37 male cholesterol-fed rabbits were divided into five groups: castration group: castrated rabbits without exogenous testosterone administration; testosterone Ⅰ group: castrated rabbits with exogenous testosterone 0.25 mg?kg -1?d -1; testosterone Ⅱ group: castrated rabbits with exogenous testosterone 2.5 mg?kg -1?d -1; testosterone Ⅲ group: castrated rabbits with exogenous testosterone 12.5 mg?kg -1?d -1. The sham operation group was also set. Three months later, the levels of testosterone, blood lipids (including TG, HDL-C, LDL-C), PAI activity, nitric oxide (NO) content, endothelin (ET), angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ) in blood were detected. RESULTS: It showed that testosterone in castration group was the lowest. There was no significant difference of TG or LDL-C between castration group and the other four groups. HDL-C in castration group was lower than that in other four groups. NO content of castration group was lower than that in others, but PAI activity, ET and AngⅡ concentration were higher than that in other groups. CONCLUSION: Testosterone is a protective factor against atherosclerosis in male rabbits.

〔Abstract〕 The paper introduces the application of association rules in the library .With circulation data of freshmen in different ma-jors, in terms of different majors and grades of the college , it extracts partial records suitable for data mining , analyzes phases of data preparation and data mining by use of association rules , and provides technical support for in -depth conduction of reader services .

Objective To explore the application effect of the adult education theory in the nursing round. Methods 340 trainee nurses, who were trained at our surgical department between June 2008 and December 2009, were randomly divided into the experimental group(178 cases)and the control group(162cases). The adult education theory was adopted in the experimental group, whereas the traditional education method was used in the control group, a questionnaire was carried out after the nursing visit. Results The experimental group was more satisfied with the round visit than the control group. Conclusions The application of the adult education theory in the round visit is beneficial not only to the students' selection of the topics of nursing visit, but also to the improvement of the students' understanding and communicating capacity, the students' studying interests and the students' creative thinking, finally the degree of satisfaction to the round visit is increased by the adoption of this theory.

Based on the transcriptome data, we cloned the open reading frame of IiHCT gene from Isatis indigotica, and then performed bioinformatic analysis of the sequence. Further, we detected expression pattern in specific organs and hairy roots treated methyl jasmonate( MeJA) by RT-PCR. The IiHCT gene contains a 1 290 bp open reading frame( ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 430 amino acids. The predicted isoelectric point( pI) was 5.7, a calculated molecular weight was about 47.68 kDa. IiHCT was mainly expressed in stem and undetectable in young root, leaf and flower bud. After the treatment of MeJA, the relative expression level of IiHCT increased rapidly. The expression level of IiHCT was the highest at 4 h and maintained two fold to control during 24 h. In this study, cloning of IiHCT laid the foundation for illustrating the biosynthesis mechanism of phenylpropanoids in I. indigotica.
Acyltransferases ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Cloning, Molecular ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Isatis ; chemistry ; classification ; enzymology ; genetics ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Open Reading Frames ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Quinic Acid ; metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; Shikimic Acid ; metabolism

Objective To study the effect of percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) combined with laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in treatment of acute severe cholecystitis.Method The perioperative data of patients treated with PTGBD combined with LC and patients treated with emergency LC were analyzed.Results There were no significant difference between the two groups on surgical duration (t =0.601,P =0.551) and postoperative hospital stay (t =0.979,P =0.331).Blood loss [PTGBD + LC (79.43 ± 46.27) ml,LC (125.84 ± 64.18) ml ; t =3.641,P ＜ 0.05],peritoneal drainage time [PTGDB + LC (3.29 ± 1.58) d,LC (4.63 ± 2.31) d ; t =3.131,P ＜ 0.05] and postoperative oral intake time [PTGBD +LC (2.91 ±1.58)d,LC (4.21 ±2.22)d; t =2.669,P＜0.05] were significantly different between the two groups.The rate of laparotomy,mortality and postoperative complications in the emergency LC group were higher than those in the PTGBD combined with LC group.Conclusions PTGBD combined with LC in the treatment of acute severe cholecystitis was significantly better than emergency LC.

Objective To discuss the significance of abnormal expression of Rb,p53 and PCNA in patients with bladder carcinoma and the correlation with the tumor grade,clinical stage and relapse.Meth- ods Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the Rb,p53 and PCNA gene expression in 60 cases with bladder carcinoma.Results The positive rates of p53,PCNA in 60 cases of bladder cancer is both 40.0 %.There were 27(45 %)cases lack of Rb expression.Multiple altered expression was found in 30 cases (50.0 %).The abnormal expression of Rb,p53 and PCNA was closely related to the tumor grade,clinical stage and relapse.Conclusion The detection of multiple gene is more valuable than that of single gene. Multiple altered expression of Rb,p53 and PCNA and their synergistic action might play an important role in the genesis and development of bladder cancer.

To clone cDNA of human leptin gene and obtain leptin protein for future study on leptin binding proteins. The cDNA of human leptin with 6 x his-tag was cloned by over-hang extension PCR protocol using human genomic DNA as template, and subcloned into in vitro expression vector pIVEX2.3MCS, and the fusion protein was expressed in vitro by Rapid Translation System (RTS) (RTS500 cycle primer Kit and RTS500 ProteoMaster of Roche company). The apparent molecular weight(19.46 kD) and the immuno-specificity of the fusion protein were confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, and the expressed fusion protein stayed mainly in the supernatant of the reaction mixture in soluble form. This work provides us solid basis for further study on new leptin-associated proteins.
Blotting, Western ; Cloning, Molecular ; DNA, Complementary ; genetics ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Humans ; Leptin ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism ; Molecular Weight ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins ; chemistry ; genetics ; metabolism