The 5th edition of WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen (2010) represents a comprehensive revision. This article aims to explore the applicability of this manual to andrology laboratories in China mainland in view of sperm count analysis, sperm motility analysis, sperm morphology analysis, sperm function analysis, anti-sperm antibody and seminal plasma biochemical marker analysis, and quality assurance and quality control of semen analysis. The authors deem that its recommendation to the analysis method and lower reference limit of sperm concentration may be a little arbitrary and lack of evidence-based support, that the revised grading sperm motility, the strict criteria and the very low cut-off value of 4% morphologically normal spermatozoa for the evaluation of sperm morphology are not applicable to andrology laboratories in China mainland, that the sperm function markers need to be supplemented, and that the determination methods of anti-sperm antibody and seminal plasma biochemical markers are incompatible with the status of Chinese andrology laboratories. However, its recommended methods for quality assurance and quality control of semen analysis have a significant directive role in China mainland. It is worth to point out that the WHO manual ignored the data obtained from Chinese which accounts for approximate 20% of the world population. Thus, given the importance of the WHO manual, its general applicability should be evaluated in China.
Andrology ; Clinical Laboratory Techniques ; Humans ; Male ; Manuals as Topic ; Semen ; Semen Analysis ; Sperm Count ; Sperm Motility ; World Health Organization

OBJECTIVETo establish a method of indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) to measure DNA (mDNA)-associated autoantibodies to cell membrane, and to evaluate diagnostic value of the anti-mDNA antibodies in patients with juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in comparison with anti-dsDNA antibody.

METHODSForty-four children with SLE were enrolled in this study. As a control group, 30 children with other rheumatic diseases were also enrolled. Anti-mDNA and anti-dsDNA antibodies were measured by IIF. Anti-smooth muscle (Sm) antibodies were measured by immuno-double diffusion (ID) and IIF.

RESULTSOut of 44 juvenile SLE patients, 34 (77.27%) were seropositive for anti-mDNA, which was significantly higher than that of patients with other rheumatic diseases (20.00%, P<0.05). The sensitivity and specificity of anti-mDNA for juvenile SLE diagnosis were 77.27% and 80.00%, respectively. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 85.00% and 70.59%, respectively. The positive rate of anti-mDNA in SLE lacking of anti-dsDNA and anti-Sm antibodies were 68.00% (17/25) and 79.49% (31/39), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe detection of anti-mDNA antibodies is useful for diagnosis of juvenile SLE, especially in patients who are negative for anti-dsDNA antibodies and anti-Sm antibodies.

Adolescent ; Antibodies, Antinuclear ; analysis ; Case-Control Studies ; Cell Membrane ; immunology ; Child ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect ; methods ; Humans ; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic ; immunology ; Male ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Sensitivity and Specificity

OBJECTIVE: To explore the efficiency of the cervical pedicle screws in the posterior reconstructive operation of the lower cervical diseases. METHODS: From November 2001 to July 2003, 31 patients suffering from the lower cervical diseases were treated with the posterior pedicle screws fixation. We put the screws in the inferior articular process of the upper centrum, the lateral of the intervertebral facet center (3 - 5 mm the medial edge of lateral mass). The angles of toe-in sagittal plane varied from 30 degrees to 45 degrees, and the screws were from 18 to 26 mm (22.3 mm) in average. RESULTS: There were 193 pedicle screws in this group, and no one had spinal cord injury or vertebral artery injury. The improvement rate was 84.5%. Follow-up was from 9 to 28 months (17 months in average). The screws were fixed properly without being loose and broken, and the bone graft fusions within 9 to 12 months in the X-ray and CT scan examination were satisfactory. The Japanese orthopaedics association score (JOA) was 9.7 preoperatively, but it was raised to 16.3 postoperatively. CONCLUSION The posterior reconstructive operation with cervical pedicle screws is a good choice for patients with lower cervical diseases.
Adult ; Bone Screws ; Cervical Vertebrae ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; instrumentation ; methods ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVE: To explore the operative strategy and clinical outcome of the thoracolumbar fracture dislocation. METHODS: Forty-two patients with the thoracolumbar fracture dislocation were treated with anterior approach (10 patients), posterior approach (28 patients), and anterior combined with posterior approach (4 patients) in order to construct the stabilities of the spine. The ASIA grades were used to evaluate the recovery of the neurological function, and the improvement of the kyphosis deformities was evaluated by the cobb's angle post-operation. RESULTS: All the patients had no complications of injury in the vascular and neurological system. The ASIA grades after the operation were superior to those of pre-operation, and the cobb's angle was rectified distinctly. CONCLUSION When appropriate operative strategies are adopted, thoracolumbar fracture dislocation can be treated with satisfactory outcome.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Fracture Fixation, Internal ; methods ; Humans ; Joint Dislocations ; etiology ; surgery ; Lumbar Vertebrae ; injuries ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Spinal Fractures ; complications ; surgery ; Thoracic Vertebrae ; injuries ; surgery ; Treatment Outcome

OBJECTIVETo summarize the diagnostic and therapeutic experiences of acute mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT).

METHODSThe clinical data of 27 cases of acute MVT treated between 1983 and July 2007 were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTSThe courses of disease were from 1 to 14 days (mean, 6.1 days). Eighteen cases (66.7%) had the history of portal hypertension, deep vein thrombosis, acute MVT or other hypercoagulability. The diagnostic sensitivity of ultrasonography, CT, angiography and serum D-Dimer level were 70.6% (12/17), 75.0% (6/8), 100% (6/6), 100% (6/6), respectively. Bowel necrosis occurred in all the 16 cases with bloody ascites. The thrombolytic and anticoagulation therapy are effective in 36.4% of cases (4/11). Twenty-two cases received operation, and resection of necrotic bowel was performed in all and thrombectomy in 3 cases. The main postoperative complications included 3 cases of deep vein thrombosis, 1 acute cardiac infarction, 3 short bowel syndrome. MVT recurred in 4 cases within a week after operation. Eight patients died within a month after confirmed with acute MVT, in which 7 patients died after operation. Anticoagulation medication was implemented in all the 19 survived patients. Fifteen patients were followed-up for 1-120 months (mean, 39.2 months), 7 of them continued the anticoagulation therapy during this period.

CONCLUSIONSThe determination of serum D-Dimer level and such adjuvant examinations as ultrasonography, CT and angiography are important diagnostic means for acute MVT. Anticoagulation and thrombolysis should be considered firstly if there is no active bleeding and bowel necrosis. We recommend laparotomy when bowel necrosis is suspected.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Male ; Mesenteric Veins ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Venous Thrombosis ; diagnosis ; therapy

OBJECTIVETo investigate the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its risk factors in population over 40 years old in northern part of Guangdong province.

METHODSUsing uniform scheme, procedures and questionnaire, a cluster-randomized-sampling survey for the population aged over 40 years in a rural area of Shaoguan in the northern part of Guangdong province was performed. Spirometry was performed for every participant, followed by a bronchodilatation test when bronchial obstruction was present.

RESULTSThere were 1468 cases with complete data from 1498 people aged >or= 40 years including 640 males, 828 females with an average age of 54.3 years old. The total prevalence of COPD was 12.0%. The prevalence of COPD in males was significantly higher than that in females (18.3% vs. 7.1%, P < 0.01). Only 80.7% of the patients with COPD presented one or more symptoms as cough, phlegm, or dyspnoea. Underdiagnosis of COPD would be quite serious. Only 26.1% of the cases was previously diagnosed to have chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or COPD. Smoking was an important risk factor to COPD and 78.4% of the patients with COPD were smokers. However, relation of biomass and COPD called for further investigation.

CONCLUSIONPrevalence of COPD was much higher than expected in the northern part of Guangdong while smoking was an most important risk factor of COPD. Lung function test seemed to be of great importance to COPD diagnosis, especially in the earlier period of COPD.

Adult ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Middle Aged ; Prevalence ; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive ; epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Smoking ; adverse effects ; Surveys and Questionnaires

Health education and health promotion are important measures for comprehensive control of schistosomiasis in China,which can improve the compliance rate of residents involved in schistosomiasis control activities,reduce the water con-tact behavior of the target population,thus avoiding or decreasing the infection of schistosome in endemic areas.In recent years, the comprehensive control of schistosomiasis in China has achieved remarkable results.China has reached the goal of transmis-sion control and is moving toward the transmission interruption or even elimination of schistosomiasis.This article analyzes the role of health education and health promotion in schistosomiasis control programme and the current challenges.Meanwhile,sug-gestions are also put forward on how to conduct health education and health promotionin the stage of schistosomiasis elimination.

OBJECTIVETo study the use of vein grafts in adult-to-adult (AA) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), we transplanted recipient vena saphena magna grafts for drainage of the paramedian portion of the right lobe liver grafts without a middle hepatic vein in LDLT.

METHODSFrom January 2002 to March 2006, 26 patients underwent A-A LDLT, and recipient saphenous vein grafts were used for revascularization of veins and arteries such as: tributaries of the middle hepatic vein from V5, V8; right inferior hepatic vein; injured portal vein; and hepatic artery.

RESULTSTotal outflow reconstruction ratio of V5, V8 and right inferior hepatic vein was 76.9% (20/26), the ratio of one-vein reconstruction was 57.7%, and the ratio of two-vein reconstruction was 19.2%. Reconstruction patterns and cases were demonstrated as follows: V5 (n=3), V8 (n=2), V5 and V8 (n=3), V5 and right inferior hepatic vein (n=1), V8 and right inferior hepatic vein (n=1), right inferior hepatic vein (n=10), injured portal vein of the donor (n=1). Total ratio of hepatic artery bypass grafting was 11.5% (3/26), anastomosis between hepatic artery and abdominal aorta (n=2), and anastomosis between hepatic artery and hepatic artery (n=1). Doppler ultrasound showed no thrombosis and the blood flowed smoothly and without venous outflow obstruction during the 2 to 48 months follow-up period.

CONCLUSIONReconstruction of V5 or V8 outflow and hepatic artery bypass grafting using vena saphena magna of the recipients can provide sufficient venous outflow and prevent the small-for-size syndrome and solve hepatic artery complications. This approach can be recommended.

Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Liver Transplantation ; methods ; Living Donors ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Saphenous Vein ; transplantation ; Young Adult

Child ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; surgery ; Liver Transplantation ; methods ; Living Donors ; Male ; Portal Vein ; pathology

OBJECTIVETo explore the effect of glutathione (GSH) and sodium selenite on the metabolism of arsenic in the liver, kidney and blood of mice exposed to iAsIII through drinking water.

METHODSThe mice were randomly divided into control, arsenic, GSH and sodium selenite group, respectively. And each group had eight mice and the mice were exposed to 50 mg/L arsenite by drinking water for 4 weeks. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with GSH (600 mg/kg) and sodium selenite (1 mg/kg) for seven days from the beginning of the fourth week. At the end of the fourth week, liver, kidney and blood were sampled to assess the concentrations of inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsenic acid (MMA), dimethylarsenic acid (DMA) by hydride generation trapping by ultra-hypothermia coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry.

RESULTSThe liver DMA (233.76 +/- 60.63 ng/g) concentration in GSH group was significantly higher than the arsenic group (218.36 +/- 42.71 ng/g). The concentration of DMA (88.52 +/- 30.86 ng/g) and total arsenic (TAs) (162.32 +/- 49.45 ng/g) in blood of GSH group was significantly higher than those [(45.32 +/- 12.19 ng/g), (108.51 +/- 18.00 ng/g), respectively] of arsenic groups(q values were 3.06, 6.40, 10.72 respectively, P < 0.05). The primary methylated index (PMI) (0.65 +/- 0.050) and secondary methylated index (SMI) (0.55 +/- 0.050) in liver sample of GSH group were significantly higher than those (0.58 +/- 0.056, 0.44 +/- 0. 093) in arsenic group. In blood samples, the PMI (0.85 +/- 0.066) in GSH group was significantly higher than that (0.54 +/- 0.113) in arsenic group (q values were 3.75, 5.26, 4.21 respectively, P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was identified between sodium selenite and arsenic groups in liver, kidney or blood samples. And no significant difference was detected in kidney samples among all arsenic exposing groups.

CONCLUSIONExogenous GSH could promote the methylated metabolism of iAsIII, but sodium selenite showed no significant effects.

Animals ; Arsenic ; analysis ; metabolism ; Arsenic Poisoning ; metabolism ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Glutathione ; pharmacology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Sodium Selenite ; pharmacology ; Water Supply