14 cm, and HOB >7.8 cm were 10.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.57–74.94), 5.26 (95% CI, 1.06–26.19), and 10.50 (95% CI, 1.03–107.12), respectively. Areas under the curve (AUCs) for AFI, HOB, and parity were 0.66 (95% CI, 0.54–0.78), 0.74 (95% CI, 0.64–0.85), and 0.69 (95% CI, 0.62–0.76), respectively. HOB had the largest AUC, but there were no significant differences among the AUCs of other factors. The cut-off value of HOB was 6 cm.CONCLUSION: This study showed that the AUC of HOB was greater than that of parity and AFI, although it was not statistically significant. As HOB is a noninvasive and comprehensive marker to predict successful ECV, consideration of HOB would be helpful before conducting ECV. Further studies are needed.]]>
Amniotic Fluid ; Area Under Curve ; Breech Presentation ; Buttocks ; Female ; Humans ; Odds Ratio ; Parity ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Prospective Studies ; Pubic Symphysis ; Ultrasonography ; Version, Fetal

No abstract available.
Dyslipidemias ; Korea

The title and author names are incorrect.

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy in Korea; in 2012, about 44,000 new cases (19.6% of all malignancies) were registered and the estimated age-standardized incidence rate of thyroid cancer was 73.6 per 100,000 (17.3 and 88.6 per 100,000 in men and women, respectively). Despite the steep increase in its incidence, the age-standardized mortality rate of thyroid cancer has remained stable and 10-year relative survival rate is 99.2%. Increased detection using high-resolution ultrasonography may have contributed to the increased incidence of thyroid cancer if not all. However, the effectiveness of thyroid cancer screening using ultrasonography has not been fully evaluated as to whether screening and early diagnosis could decrease the morbidity or mortality of thyroid cancer. A multidisciplinary expert committee for developing a guideline for thyroid cancer screening was organized and established a recommendation for thyroid cancer screening using ultrasonography in Korea based on scientific evidence for the first time. In conclusion, the current evidence is insufficient to assess the balance of benefits and harms of the thyroid cancer screening by ultrasonography and the recommendation is that thyroid ultrasonography is not routinely recommended for healthy subjects.
Early Detection of Cancer ; Early Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Korea ; Male ; Mass Screening* ; Mortality ; Survival Rate ; Thyroid Gland ; Thyroid Neoplasms* ; Ultrasonography

This erratum is being published to correct the author's affiliation.

Genetic studies on facial morphology targeting healthy populations are fundamental in understanding the specific genetic influences involved; yet, most studies to date, if not all, have been focused on congenital diseases accompanied by facial anomalies. To study the specific genetic cues determining facial morphology, we estimated familial correlations and heritabilities of 14 facial measurements and 3 latent factors inferred from a factor analysis in a subset of the Korean population. The study included a total of 229 individuals from 38 families. We evaluated a total of 14 facial measurements using 2D digital photographs. We performed factor analysis to infer common latent variables. The heritabilities of 13 facial measurements were statistically significant (p < 0.05) and ranged from 0.25 to 0.61. Of these, the heritability of intercanthal width in the orbital region was found to be the highest (h2 = 0.61, SE = 0.14). Three factors (lower face portion, orbital region, and vertical length) were obtained through factor analysis, where the heritability values ranged from 0.45 to 0.55. The heritability values for each factor were higher than the mean heritability value of individual original measurements. We have confirmed the genetic influence on facial anthropometric traits and suggest a potential way to categorize and analyze the facial portions into different groups.
Cues ; Facial Bones ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Genetic Research ; Humans ; Orbit

The aim of this project was to use 3D scanning data collected at incident scenes and various evidence to 1) develop surveying methods based on 3D data consisting of overall and detailed scene evidence, captured by long-range and micros-canner, which can be shared by personnel working in different fields such as forensic medicine, video analysis, physical analysis, traffic engineering, and fire investigation; 2) create digital storage for human skeletons and set the foundation for virtual anthropology; and 3) improve the credibility of 3D evidence by virtual remodeling and simulation of incident scenes and evidence to provide a basis for advanced and high-tech scientific investigation. Two complete skeletons of male and female were scanned using 3D micro-scanner. Each bone was successfully reproduced and assembled in virtual space. In addition, recreating evidence scheduled for invasive examination by creating RP (rapid prototype) was possible. These outcomes could play an important role in setting up the new field of virtual anthropology. Case-specific surveying methods were developed through analysis of 3D scanning data collected by long-range surface scanners at the scenes of vehicular accidents, falls, shootings, and violent crimes. A technique and recording method was also developed for detecting forged seals by micro-scanning the pressure exerted on the seal. Appraisal methods developed in this project could be utilized to secure 3D data of human skeletal remains and incident scenes, create a standard for application, and increase objectivity, reproducibility, and accuracy of scanning methods. We plan to develop case-specific 3D data analysis techniques to improve the credibility of analysis at the NFS and to establish a 3D data collection and analysis team.
Crime ; Data Collection ; Female ; Fires ; Forensic Medicine ; Forensic Sciences ; Humans ; Male ; Skeleton ; Statistics as Topic

OBJECTIVE: A probable diagnosis of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome(WAS) should be considered in any boy presenting with unusual bleeding, congenital thrombocytopenia and small platelets. The definitive diagnosis of WAS is usually made by the detection of WASP gene mutation or a decrease or absence of the WAS protein(WASP) in blood cells using molecular genetic analysis. However, these methods are too time-consuming and difficult. In this study, therefore, we tried to compare various diagnostic methods and establish the molecular screening steps for the definitive diagnosis of WAS. METHODS: Peripheral blood was drawn from WAS patient with clinical characteristic symptoms, and analyzed with automated complete blood cell count analysis, immunological analysis, and molecular analysis. The morphologic change of WAS patient's blood cell membrane was examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Protein analysis for the expression of WASP protein in PBMC cells was evaluated by FACS and Western immunoblot. Genetic analysis for the detection of a mutation of the WASP gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformational polymorphism analysis(PCR-SSCP) and direct sequencing of PCR products. RESULTS: In addition to microthrombocytopenia, our investigation revealed morphologic defects in WAS lymphocytes by SEM and abnormal mobility shifting in WAS patients by PCR-SSCP. Sequencing the WASP gene detected a specific single base mutation in exon 2, resulting in missense substitution of adenine for guanine 208(G208A, Gly70Arg). FACS and Western immunoblot demonstrated absent expressions of WASP in WAS patients and reduced expression of WASP in carrier when compared with normal controls. CONCLUSION: From these results, we suggested the following diagnostic approaches in patients suspected of having WAS. Protein-based analysis such as FACS and Western immunoblot should be employed as the first line of investigation. The second line genetic analyses should employ second- step approaches with localization of mutation by screening exons, typically by PCR-SSCP, followed by direct sequencing.
Adenine ; Blood Cell Count ; Blood Cells ; Blotting, Western ; Diagnosis ; Exons ; Guanine ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Lymphocytes ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Membranes ; Molecular Biology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Thrombocytopenia ; Wasps ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein ; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome*

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the treatment outcomes of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) using a stereotactic body frame for primary or metastatic thoracic tumors. Methods and Materials: Between January 1998 and December 2003, 101 lesions from 91 patients with primary or metastatic thoracic tumors were treated. The eligible patients included 38 with primary lung cancers and 53 with metastatic tumors from the lung, liver, gastrointestinal and other organs. All patients were immobilized using a stereotactic body frame and permitted to breathe shallowly. The respiratory movement was restricted by a diaphragm controller when the tumor movement was greater than 5 mm. Recently, for further restriction of tumor movement, an active breathing control (ABC) apparatus was used in some trained patients whose tumors located in lower lobe. Three to eight coplanar or non-coplanar photon beams were used to adequately cover the planning target volume. A dose of 10~12 Gy per fraction was given three to four times over consecutive days, to a total dose of 30~48 Gy (median 40 Gy). Local control was assessed as complete or partial responses and by a stable disease, as measured by serial chest CT scans at 1 month, and then every 3-months, and/or 18FDG-PET scans 1 month after treatment. The median follow-up period was 14 months, ranging from 4 to 56 months. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 82%, with twenty (22%) complete and 55 (60%) partial responses. The rate of crude local control in all patients was 86% and the one- and two-year local progression free survival rates were 90 and 81%, respectively. The patients who received 48 Gy showed better local progression free survival than those that received 40 Gy or less (one-year; 100% vs. 86.7%), but this was not statistically significant. Of the 21 patients with primary lung cancer, local progression was observed in 3, at 12, 21 and 26 months after treatment, and the one- and two- year local progression free survival rates were 93 and 81%, respectively. The set-up error, as checked by CT-simulation and portal films, for every treatment was within 5 mm in all directions (X, Y and Z axis). No pulmonary complications greater than RTOG toxicity criteria grade 2 were observed. CONCLUSION: From our experience of the stereotactic body frame based radiosurgery it appears a safe and promising treatment modality for the local management of primary or metastatic lung tumors. The optimal total dose, fractionation schedule and treatment volume should be modified after a longer follow-up of these results. Further study related to the optimal evaluation tools is also necessary to differentiate local tumor progression from radiation-induced pulmonary injury
Appointments and Schedules ; Diaphragm ; Disease-Free Survival ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Liver ; Lung ; Lung Injury ; Lung Neoplasms ; Radiosurgery* ; Respiration ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed