Next generation sequencing technologies,providing high speed and throughput that contribute greatly to DNA sequencing,have many applications in clinical virology,including identification of novel or unsuspected viruses,evaluation of human viromes,investigation of viral genetic diversity and evolution,monitoring of antiviral drug resistance,and analysis of virus-host interaction.Meanwhile,due to the complexity in bioinformatics data processing and lack of quality management standards,further efforts and explorations need to be put in the application and quality management of NGS in clinical laboratory.

Objective:According to the existing problems on research instruments management in medical colleges, we proposed the reasonable purchasing and application advices and how to improve the efficiency. Methods: Aiming at the use and management of instruments of teaching and researching in universities, this paper expounds how to reasonably purchase and improve the use efficiency of large-scale instruments. Results:Five suggestions were proposed. Conclusion: To give full play to the investment benefit and its important role of large-scale instruments in the teaching and scientific research.

Objective To study the optimum culture media and liquid conditions in shaking flasks for laccase production by Ganoderma lucidum. Methods Taking S_3 stain of G. lucidum as test materials and laccase activity of G. lucidum as measurement index to optimize the culture media and liquid conditions through orthogonal test. Results The optimum culture components of media were: Glucose 30 g/L, cotton 0.2%, (NH_4)_2HPO_4 0.66 g/L, casein 0.5%, Tween-80 0.15 mL; the optimum conditions were: initial pH value of medium was 5.5, 75 mL medium was in 250 mL-flask, inoculation was 12.5%, mycelium age was 5?24 h for 9?24 h culture. Conclusion Laccase activity of G. lucidum has been improved remarkably in the optimum culture media and liquid conditions.

Pancreaticoduodenal anastomotic dehiscence complicated with peritoneal hemorrhage following pancreaticoduodenectomy is a serious complication which threatens patients'life.Prevention and mangement of pancreaticoduodenal anastomotic dehiscence and peritoneal hemorrhage is the focus in the surgical treatment.Operation is the most reliable treatment for bleeding.While reoperation is difficult for most surgeons and the risk of fistula and rebleeding after reoperation exist.Some procedures will affect the endocrine and exocrine function of pancreas.We applied pancreaticojejunal bridge drainage for most patients with hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy.This procedure is easy,safe,and can protect the pancreatic function.

ObjectiveTo analyze the results of implementing the tutorial system for medical interns, and to put forward some suggestions. MethodsThe medical interns and the doetors selected as tutors were asked to do questionnaires to study the tutorial system's feasibility and effectiveness. Simultaneously, we adopted the Objective Structured Clinical Examination ( OSCE ) to assess its process and resuits. Results74.3％ of the students and 75.5％ of the doctors think that they need the tutorial system,73.2％of the students think that this system can train better clinical skills,67.9％ of the doetors think that they can review the knowledge learned through teaching. Implemented after one year, students' OSCE scores are improved. ConclusionTutorial system for medical interns has achieved preliminary success, and the preparatory work and related-system building need to be further improved.

Objective To investigate the relevance of liver function and neurobehavior of offspring of SD rats ex-posed to sodium valproate in the second trimester. Methods 30 SD rats at 12. 5 d of pregnance were randomly di-vided into three groups: low-dose group (300 mg/kg VPA was injected into abdominal cavity), high-dose group (600 mg/kg VPA);control group (normal saline). The offspring of low-dose groupe were grouped as VPA-low-dose;the offspring of high-dose groupe were grouped as VPA-high-dose; and the offspring of control group were grouped as control group. Then, we tested the liver and neurological function of each group of offspring, respective-ly, and analyzed their relevance. Results The levels of serum total protein and albumin of the high-dose group were considerably lower than these of the low-dose group which were significantly lower than these of control group ( P<0. 01 for both total protein and albumin);the levels of ALT, AST and blood ammonia of the high dose group were drastically higher than these of the low dose group, which were dramatically higher than these of control group ( P<0. 01 ) . The duration and of stereotyped movement disorder in experimental group was markedly longer than this of the control group, while this of the high-dose group was notably longer than this of the low-dose group ( P<0. 01 );the frequency of the stereotyped movement disorder of experimental group was significantly more than this of the control group, while this of high-dose group was obviously more than this of the control group (P<0. 01). In the Morris water maze, the escape latency of the high-dose group was remarkably longer than this of low-dose group, which was observably longer than this of control group (P<0. 01);the swimming distance of the high-dose group was tremendously shorter than this of low-dose group, which was considerably shorter than this of control group ( P<0. 05 , P<0. 01 ) . Correlation analysis of liver function and neural behavior showed that the neurobe-havioral abnormalities were negatively correlated with level of total protein and albumin, and were positively related with the level of blood ammonia, ALT and AST ( P<0. 01 ) . Conclusion The VPA exposure in the second tri-mester leads to the decrement of serum albumin and total protein and to the increment of AIL, AST and blood am-monia;and it also causes the neurobehavioral abnormalities of offspring. The reduction of synthesis of liver albumin and the rise of ALT, AST and blood ammonia can influence the neurobehavioral abnormalities. And there were both of the factors which result in the neurobehavioral abnormalities of offspring exposured to VPA in the second trimes-ter.

Objective To compare the results of emergency clinical training for medical students and to put forward some suggestions.Methods Toatlly 207 medical students of Grade 4 studied in the first people' s hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong university from 2009 to 2011 were divided into the traditional group (n =90 ) and the experimental group (n =117 ).The students in the experimental group participated in emergency clinical training in summer vacation while those in the traditional group did not.Questionnaires about their self-learning ability,clinical communicating ability and critical thinking ability after training the were conducted and the data were analyzed by descriptive statistical analysis.Results One hundred and five effective questionnaires were recovered from the experimental group,with the recovery rate 89.7％ and 62 effective questionnaires were recovered from the traditional group,with the recovery rate 68.9％.The scores about clinical communicating ability and critical thinking ability of the experimental group were significantly highcr than those of the traditional group [ (79.45 ± 9.354)vs.(75.87 ± 9.926),(263.38 ± 30.925 ) vs.(251.36 ± 23.679),P ＜ 0.05 ].However,there was no significant difference in scores about self-learning ability between the two groups [ ( 153.97 ± 23.725 ) vs.( 149.83 ± 13.891 ),P ＞ 0.05].Conclusion Emergency clinical training is helpful to improve medical students' clinical communicating ability and critical thinking ability.It is worth popularizing.

Objective To study the status quo and tendency of the utilization of antibiotics in our hospital in order to provide ref-erence for clinical rational drug use .Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the consumption sum ,DDDs and defined daily cost(DDC) of antibiotics ,which taken from HIS system in drug storehouse from 2010 to 2013 .Results 2010~2013 ,the anti-microbial drug sales in proportion to the amount of drug sales were 35 .99% ,26 .47% ,14 .69% and 14 .52% respectively .Cephalo-sporins andβ-lactamase inhibitor have been in the forefront of the antimicrobial agents in the sales amount .The sales amount of Ce-foxitin sodium and Piperacillin/tazobactam has rapid grow th ,for three consecutive years of antimicrobial agents in the sales amount ordering frist and second .2010~2013 ,Cephalosporins and Macrolides antibiotics has been in the forefront on the sorting of DDDs . The DDDs of antifungal drugs increased year by year ,quinolones and nitroimidazoles was declining .The DDDs of Clarithromycin tablets ,Azithromycin enteric-coated capsules and Roxithromycin Capsules in the front row .2011-2013 ,the DDC of Cefuroxime in-creased the larger from 15 .37 to 68 .06 .Conclusion The antibacterial drug sales amount of drug sales amount is reduced year by year from 2010 to 2013 ,and the application of antimicrobial agents is given priority to Cephalosporins ,Antifungal drug sustained growth ,Macrolides antibiotics and Penicillins keep at a high level .

A total of 587 keywords expressing the health information needs of diabetics were selected from diabetes-related 8762 questions covered in Yahoo Q and A, coded according to the cataloguing system and classification strategies of diabetes information, processed by text formatting, and clustered by multi-dimensional analysis, which showed that the most concerned health information in diabetics is the daily management, diagnosis and treatment of diabetes while rare attention is paid to its prevention.