ObjectiveTo study streptococcus pneumonia capsular polysaccharide antibodies of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) in acute exacerbation and the feasibility of vaccination for patients with COPD.MethodsThe COPD in acute exacerbation without respiratory failure (RF)(COPD without RF group),COPD in acute exacerbation with RF (COPD with RF group),asthma (asthma group),healthy elderly examination(elderly examination group) and healthy youth examination (youth examination group) were selected,and each group had 15 cases.The levels of streptococcus pneumonia capsular polysaccharide antibodies IgG,IgM and IgA were measured in all groups.Results There was no significant difference in IgG among the five groups (P ＞ 0.05 ).The levels of IgM in COPD without RF group and elderly examination group were significantly lower than those in COPD with RF group,asthma group and youth examination group (0.554 ± 0.309 and 0.538 ± 0.327 vs.0.810 ± 0.387,0.887 ± 0.278 and 0.852 ± 0.305,P ＜ 0.05 ).Although the level of IgA in COPD without RF group was significantly lower than that in youth examination group(0.532 ±0.297 vs.0.930 ±0.502,P ＜0.05),there was no significant difference among the five groups.Conclusion Patients with COPD should inoculate pneumococcal vaccination.

Objective To explore the linearic regularity of airways′ spasm and spasmolysis in asthmatic patients,and provide theory bases for clinic treatment.Methods After regular bronchodilation test,the pulmonary function in(16 asthmatic) patients and 14 volunteers were examined 15 min,30 min, 1 h,2 h and 4 h later,respectively.The indexes included forced vital capacity(FVC),forced expiratory flow in one second(FEV_1),peak expiratory flow(PEF),maximal midexpiratory flow(MMEF),expiration of 50% FVC(V_(50)) and expiration of 75% FVC(V_(25)).Results 2 h after bronchodilation test,the big airways dilated completely(P

AlM:To investigate the effect of peripheral vision control technology for delaying the development of juvenile myopia.METHODS:A total of ninty-nine cases of 12 ~18 year-old myopic patients were randomly divided into two groups. The experimental group was peripheral vision control technology group whose members wore the special lenses which can help correct the hypermetropic defocus of peripheral retina. The other was control group whose members wore ordinary monofocal lenses. All the subjects needed to accept re-examination every 3mo and be recorded the data of dioptre, corneal curvature and axial length.RESULTS: After 18mo, the dioptre and axial length of two groups had increased in varying degree. But the data's different quantity of the corneal curvature in each group had no statistical significance ( P > 0. 05 ). Themyopia deepen quantity in experimental group was-0. 65±0. 65D and its axial growth was 0. 23±0. 22mm, and the myopia deepen quantity in control group was -1. 17 ± 0. 50D and its axial growth was 0. 41 ± 0. 17mm. Under the circumstance of valid data, the increment of myopia and axial length in experimental group was lower than that in control group (P<0. 05).CONCLUSlON: Peripheral vision control technology can delay the development of juvenile myopia effectively.

Immunoglobulins ( Ig ) , also called antibodies, are important components in humoral -mediated immunity. Ig can bind with their receptors, called immunoglobulin receptors ( IgR ) , trigger biologic activities respectively. Different sub-types of Igs show different function. And IgRs have been treated as therapeutic targets in inflammation and immunity related dis-eases for many years. This article reviewed the recent progresses in the study of IgR function and its therapeutic role in inflamma-tion and immunity related diseases.

Objective To investigate the changes in serum levels of nitric oxide ( NO) and endothelin ( ET) in type 2 diabetes patients with vascular complications, and to analyze the relationship between these levels and risk factors.Method We selected 98 cases of type 2 diabetes patients.Based on the grouping criteria, the patients were divided into diabetic patients with vascular complications ( group A,49 cases) and those without ( group B,49 cases) .In addition, 44 age-and body mass index-matched healthy cases were selected for control(group C).Height, weight, blood pressure, duration of diabetes, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c), blood lipids, and serum levels of NO and ET-1 of all the patients were recorded.Results The NO levels of the two groups with diabetes mellitus were significantly lower than in group C[(43.87 ±12.05)and (53.29 ±11.75)μmol/L versus (66.08 ±16.48)μmol/L, P<0.01], while the ET-1 levels of the two groups with diabetes mellitus were significantly higher [(100.25 ±20.34) and (77.55 ±14.84) versus (53.62 ±8.40)ng/L, P<0.01] than those of the group C.The NO levels of group A were significantly lower than in group B [(43.87 ±12.05) versus (53.29 ±11.75)μmol/L, P<0.01].Moreover, the ET-1 levels of the group A were significantly higher than in group B [(100.25 ±20.34) versus (77.55 ±14.84)ng/L, P<0.01].Between the two diabetic groups, group A showed significantly higher systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure(DBP), HbA1c, and course than group B (P<0.01).Correlation analysis showed a negative correlation between SBP, DBP, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and NO a positive correlation between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ( HDL-C ) and NO, a negative correlation between HDL-C and ET-1, and a positive correlation between SBP,LDL-C, uric acid, fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and ET-1.Conclusion The serum levels of NO and ET-1 in diabetic patients are evidently abnormal.Vascular endothelium injury will become more serious in patients with complications.Therefore, the serum levels of NO and ET-1 in diabetic patients are correlated with control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and blood lipid levels.

AIM:To investigate how to design personalized cataract surgery programs to achieve surgical correction of preoperative corneal astigmatism with surgical astigmatism under the guidance of corneal topography, improve postoperative visual quality and reduce the cost of treatment.
METHODS: Totally 202 cases ( 226 eyes ) cataract patients were divided into randomized treatment group and individualized treatment group. According to the method and location of the incision, randomized treatment group were divided into 8 groups. Surgical astigmatism after different incision were calculated with the use of preoperative and postoperative corneal astigmatism through vector analysis method. Individualized treatment groups were designed personably for surgical method with reference of every surgically induced astigmatism, the surgical method chooses the type of surgical incision based on close link between preoperative corneal astigmatism and surgically induced astigmatism, and the incision was located in the steep meridian. The postoperative corneal astigmatism of individualized treatment group was observed.
RESULTS: Postoperative corneal astigmatism of individualized treatment group were lower than that of 3.0mm clear corneal tunnel incision in the randomized treatment group, there were statistically significance difference, while with 3. 0mm sclera tunnel incision group there were no statistically significance difference. After 55. 8% of patients with the use of individualized surgical plan could undergo the operation of extracapsular cataract extraction with relatively low cost and rigid intraocular lens implantation, the per capita cost of treatment could be reduced.
CONCLUSION: Personalized cataract surgery programs are designed to achieve surgical correction of preoperative corneal astigmatism under the use of corneal topography, improve postoperative visual quality and reduce the cost of treatment.

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have applied long-bone mechanical separation method to obtain osteoclasts, which are terminal y differentiated cells and cannot further proliferate. Therefore a large number of osteoclasts can be harvested with bone marrow cells inducing culture method and RAW264.7 cells inducing culture method to meet clinical requirements.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the optimal method of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) induced osteoclast precursors to differentiate into mature osteoclasts.
METHODS:After bone marrow cells were isolated from mouse, RANKL and macrophage colony stimulating factor were added into the medium together, or RAW264.7 cells were cultured with RANKL to induce osteoclasts. The osteoclast precursors were treated with different concentrations of RANKL to observe the number of generated osteoclasts and evaluate the dose-effect relationship between RANKL and osteoclastogenesis. Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining were used for flow cytometry to analyze the mononuclear-macrophage apoptosis during osteoclastogenesis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:When 10μg/L RANKL was used, the peak of osteoclastogenesis appeared at days 6-7;when the concentration of RANKL was up to 100μg/L, the peak appeared at days 4-5. The number of new osteoclasts was dose-dependent on the RANKL concentration. 50μg/L of RANKL was the turning point in the fitted curve from osteoclastogenesis and RANKL concentration. After the RANKL concentration was more than 150μg/L, the number of osteoclasts slowed down obviously. RANKL can induce monocyte-macrophage to form osteoclasts and promote monocyte-macrophage apoptosis. The highest number of osteoclasts would be obtained to each unit of RANKL when monocyte-macrophage cells were cultured with 30μg/L of RANKL in the same vaccination density (104/cm2). Experimental findings indicate that, RAW264.7 cells or bone marrow cells inducing culture methods are simple and feasible, the optimum cellseeding density was 104/cm2;the appropriate stimulation concentration of RANKL was 30-50μg/L.

Objective:To observe autophagy induced by aminophylline in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes.Methods:Peripheral blood T lymphocytes from health adults were separated with Percoll(1.073 g/ml) and harvested by using nylon column.The cultured cells were divided into control group,aminophylline group(10-8～10-3mol/L,or 0.001 8～180 ?g/ml)and dexamethasone(DXM) group,and the rates of autophagy and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry.Results:①The purities of T lymphocyte were 81.3%～94.5%。②In control group for 72 h cultivation,the autophagic rate of T lymphocytes was significantly lower than those of 10-5～10-3mol/L aminophylline group(P0.05);In 10-5mol/L aminophylline group,the autophagic rate of different T lymphocyte density after cultivation(0,24,48,72 h) had a tendency of increase along with time lasting and decrease of cell density,but the difference did not show significance.③There was significant statistic difference in incidence rate of apoptotic T lymphocytes between control and DXM group in 72 h cultivation(P=0.000);But there was no significant statistic difference in the rate of autophagic(P=0.481).Conclusion:10-3～10-5mol/L aminophylline can induce autophagy in peripheral blood T lymphocytes,10-3～10-8mol/L aminophylline could induce both autophagy and apoptosis,and there is no significant correlation between autophagy and apoptosis;DXM can induce apoptosis in peripheral blood T lymphocytes,which indicates different programmed cell death of T lymphocytes could be induced by different medicines.

Objective To explore the efficacy difference of biliary stent combined with 125I seed intracavity irradiation and palliative biliary drainage in the treatment of obstructive jaundice caused by pancreatic head cancer. Methods The clinic date of 95 patients with pancreatic head cancer who underwent palliative surgery from June 2010 to June 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. 46 of the cases were treated with percutaneous biliary metal stent implantation combined with 125I seed intracavity irradiation (stent group), and the other 49 cases were treated with palliative biliary enterostomy (surgery group). The levels of jaundice, liver function, tumor size, survival time and hospitalization cost were compared between the patients before and after treatment. Paired t-test was applied for statistical analysis. Results Both the two treatment coulel effectively relieve jaundice and improve liver function. The mean TBIL of surgery group and stent group was (29.4±9.6) and (21.0±8.0)μmol/L after three months treanment, (40.3±11.0) and (24.4±9.6)μmol/L after six months treatment, respectively. Tumor maximum diameter of the two groups were (37.9 ± 4.5) mm and (33.5 ± 6.0)mm after three months treatment, (45.9 ± 5.0) mm and (37.0 ± 6.5) mm after six months, respectively. Each time point between them had statistical significance (t=-4.235,-5.476,-3.654,-6.702, P<0.05). The mean survival time was (12.83 ± 0.80) months in the stent group and (9.06±0.49) months in the surgery group, the difference was statistically significant (t=-3.49, P<0.01). The mean hospitalization cost of the stent group was (38 453.0 ± 7 282.0) yuan and the surgery group was (43 057.0 ± 7 667.4) yuan, the difference was statistically significant (t= 2.759, P<0.05). Conclusion For inoperable pancreatic head cancer patients, compared with palliative biliary enteric drainage, percutaneous biliary stent placement combined with 125I seed intracavity irradiation can effectively relieve biliary obstruction, improve liver function, inhibit tumor growth and prolong survival time.

Objective To discuss the predisposing factors,prognosis and treatment of pancreatic encephalopathy(PE) in acute pancreatitis(AP). Methods Nineteen cases of AP complicated with PE were retrospectively studied. Results The occurrence rate of PE was 12.0%. PE often occurred in association with such factors as hyperpyrexia, water-electrolyte disturbance, and hypoxemia. Among the 19 patients,11 patients received surgical operation and 8 were treated conservatively.The total fatality rate reached 52.6%(10/19), significantly higher than other concurrently treated cases of severe acute pancreatits(SAP) (20.7%,P