Objective To investigate the training effect and application development of the health industry standard of Nursing Grading, and to explore it'sclinical applicability. Methods An electronic questionnaire survey was conducted among nurses in 30 three general hospitals of Shandong Province from November 10 to December 10 in 2015. The questionnaire mainly included four parts: basic information, training status, application status and the clinical applicability. All the questionnaires were automatically submitted by the nurse′s cell phone or computer, 3386 valid questionnaires were recovered. Results The status of standard training:93.92%(3180/3386) nurses received a comprehensive training about the standard. The answer rates of 4 theoretical examination questions was 88.95%(3012/3386), 84.49%(2861/3386), 85.17%(2884/3386), 65.71%(2225/3386)respectively. 77.26%of the nurses needed to continue training. Application status: 97.67% (3307/3386) nurses in the hospital has begun to apply Nursing Grading standard, and 97.01% (3208/3307) and 97.76% (3231/3307) of the hospital revised the standard of care systems and work processes; 78.23% (2649/3386) nurses divide the level of care based on both the patient's condition and self-care ability presently. 74.45%(2521/3386) nurses did it as follows,the doctor determine the patient′s condition level, the nurse determine the level of patient′s self-care ability, then the nursing grading was determined according to the both. In the clinical applicability survey, the choice proportion of very agree and agreeofHelping nurses to determine the patient′s level of care and It is beneficial to improve the efficiency of nursing management was 86.30% (2922/3386) and 82.66%(2799/3386);The choice proportion of very agree and agree ofHelp nurses to improve the quality of nursing services, reflecting the value of the nursing work, to meet the needs of patients was 79.36% (2687/3386), 76.56% (2592/3386), 80.98% (2742/3386) respectively. Conclusions The hospital attaches great importance to the standard of Nursing Grading, but the training effect needs to be improved;standard has been widely used in Shandong Province Physician-nurse collaboration has become the decision-making main body of nursing grading;the standard application can not only help the nurses to do decision-making correctly and improve the efficiency. It also can help nurses to improve the quality of nursing service, and enhance patients′satisfaction. So it is very suitable for clinical practice.

Humans ; Adolescent ; DNA/genetics* ; Genotype

BACKGROUND:Previous studies have applied long-bone mechanical separation method to obtain osteoclasts, which are terminal y differentiated cells and cannot further proliferate. Therefore a large number of osteoclasts can be harvested with bone marrow cells inducing culture method and RAW264.7 cells inducing culture method to meet clinical requirements.
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the optimal method of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) induced osteoclast precursors to differentiate into mature osteoclasts.
METHODS:After bone marrow cells were isolated from mouse, RANKL and macrophage colony stimulating factor were added into the medium together, or RAW264.7 cells were cultured with RANKL to induce osteoclasts. The osteoclast precursors were treated with different concentrations of RANKL to observe the number of generated osteoclasts and evaluate the dose-effect relationship between RANKL and osteoclastogenesis. Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining were used for flow cytometry to analyze the mononuclear-macrophage apoptosis during osteoclastogenesis.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:When 10μg/L RANKL was used, the peak of osteoclastogenesis appeared at days 6-7;when the concentration of RANKL was up to 100μg/L, the peak appeared at days 4-5. The number of new osteoclasts was dose-dependent on the RANKL concentration. 50μg/L of RANKL was the turning point in the fitted curve from osteoclastogenesis and RANKL concentration. After the RANKL concentration was more than 150μg/L, the number of osteoclasts slowed down obviously. RANKL can induce monocyte-macrophage to form osteoclasts and promote monocyte-macrophage apoptosis. The highest number of osteoclasts would be obtained to each unit of RANKL when monocyte-macrophage cells were cultured with 30μg/L of RANKL in the same vaccination density (104/cm2). Experimental findings indicate that, RAW264.7 cells or bone marrow cells inducing culture methods are simple and feasible, the optimum cellseeding density was 104/cm2;the appropriate stimulation concentration of RANKL was 30-50μg/L.

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of telmisartan on the levels of serum adiponectin and C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)in elderly hypertensive patients with unstable angina pectoris. MethodsOne hundred and twenty elderly hypertensive patients with unstable angina pectoris were randomized into two groups, telmisartan(n=60) and perindopril(n=60) groups.The levels of hs-CRP,adiponectin, lipid factors, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), insulin and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were measured before and 6 months after telmisartan and perindopril treatments.ResultsAt the end of 6 months, the telmisartan group showed more reduction in plasma levels of hs-CRP and more increment in serum adiponectin concentrations and ISI significantly. The frequency of cardiovascular events was significantly lower in the patients of the telmisartan group than that of the perindopril group.ConclusionsCompared with perindopril, telmisartan significantly decreases plasma levels of hs-CRP and increases serum adiponectin concentrations in elderly hypertensive patients with unstable angina pectoris. It also significantly decreases the frequency of cardiovascular events in these patients.

Objective To investigate the mechanism by which remifentanil decreases blood pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).Methode Twenty-six ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients (NYHA's classification grade Ⅱ or Ⅲ ) of both sexes and aged 20-55 years were randomized to receive remifentanil (group R, n = 13) or normal saline (group C, n = 13). Remifentanil 10 μg/kg or equal volume of normal saline was administered via a venous reservoir when cardiac arrest was induced with cardioplegic solution. The flow rate resistance (SVR) were measured and arterial blood samples were taken for determination of plasma concentrations of histamine,nitric oxide (NO) and 6-keta-prostaglandin F1α(PGF1α) before T0 and at 5, 10, 15 min (T5.10.15) after remifentanil administration.Results Remifentanil administration was associated with a significant decrease in MAP and SVR at T5 and T10 as compared with the baseline values at T0 ( P ＜ 0.05); whereas in control group, MAP and SVR were significantly increased at T5, T10 and T15 as compared with the baseline values at T0 . There were no significant differences in plasma histamine, NO and PGF1α concentrations between the two groups.Conclusion Remifentanil reduces SVR and causes a decrease in BP but without altering plasma concentrations of histamine, NO or PGl2.

BACKGROUND: Compared to those original viruses systems, adeasy adenovirus, a recombinant adenoviral system widely used in recent years, based on viruses with a deletion of both El and E3, reported by T.C. He in 1998, is an improved one. It simplifies the generation and production of such viruses and expedite the process of generating and testing recombinant adenoviruses using homologous recombination in bacteria rather than in eukaryotic cells. Moreover, it can be conveniently followed with the aid of green fluorescent protein encoded by EGFP gene incorporated into the viral backbone.OBJECTIVE: To construct the recombinant adenovirus and to evaluate them by transfect them to mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)and detect the expression of target gene hlGF-I at gene and protein levels.DESIGN: Repetitive measurement wail.SETTING: The Institute of Pediatric Research, Chongqing University of Medical Science.METHODS: The study was performed at the Institute of Pediatric Research, Chongqing University of Medical Science from November 2004 to March 2005. After the amplification of truncated hlGF-1 gene from pcDNA3.l-hlGF-I by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the gene fragment was inserted into the shuttle plasmid pAdtrack-CMV for homologous recombination with backbone plasmid pAdeasy-I in bacteria BJ5183 to get adenovirus.Ad-hlGF-1. The high titer adenovirus supernatant was obtained by repeated transducing of HEK 293 cells by adenovirus harvested after confirmation of the adenovirus structure. As target cells,MSCs were infected with adenovirus earned target gene, hIGF-1, to determine the expression of hlGF-1 gene.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ① The construction of recombinant adenovirus vector;② the expression of target gene hIGF-1 in HEK 293 cells and the proper multiplicity of infection (MOI); ③ hIGF-1 gene expression in MSCs.RESULTS: The adenovirus vector based on adeasy system was constructed successfully and the Ad-hlGF transducing was successfully or efficiently expressed in MSCs cells. The ideal expression of harvested recombinant adenovirus in MSCs was detected by fluorescence microscope, RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western Blot.CONCLUSION: Adenovirus vector is an effective vector tools for gene expression and wansfection of MSCs. MSCs transduced with Ad-hIGF-1 maybe another option to gene-modified seed cells for articular cartilage tissue engineering.

Objiective To evaluate the histocompatibility of gelatin-bletilla/Salvia-miltiorrhiza i material and to discuss the appropriate concentration of salvia-miltiorrhiza in the material. Method Salvia-miltiorrhiza together with gelatin and bletilla was used to make a kind of porous membranes. A total of 175 rats were divided randomly (random number) into 5 groups ( n = 35 in each). The porous membranes containing salvia-miltiorrhiza material in different concentrations of 1, 2, 4, and 5 mL/100 g were implanted subcutaneously into the rats of the four experimental groups, respectively. The gelatin-bletilla material without salvia-miltiorrhiza was implanted into the rats of control group. In 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days after implant, the materials were taken out of the bodies of the rats, separately. The material implanted for 1, 3, 7 and 14 days were observed with immunohistoche-mistry. Results In the area of implant, no noticeable inflammation or other was found. The implanted materials were degraded and entirely absorbed in vivo in 8 weeks. The salvia-miltiorrhiza in concentration of 2 mL/100 g in vivo promoted the angiogenesis most significantly. Conclusions The gelatin-bletilla/salvia-miltiorrhiza material has excellent histocompatibility and the appropriate concentration of salvia-miltiorrhiza in material is 2 mL/100 g.

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of auditory evoked potential index (AAI) in monitoring the anesthetic depth during isoflurane anesthesia.Methods Thirty ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients aged 18-55 years and undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled in this study. The patients were unpremedicated. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam 0.05 mg/kg, fentanyl 3 μg/kg and propofol 1 mg/kg. Tracheal intubation was facilitated with recuronium 0.1 mg/kg. The patients were mechanically ventilated (VT:40 mm Hg. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane inhalation and intermittent intravenous boluses of vecuronium. Isoflurane was started with high-flow (FGF, 3 L/min) for 12 min followed by low-flow (LGF, 0.5 L/min). The inspired isoflurane concentration was set at 3%. The electrocardiogram (ECG), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal isoflurane concentration and AAI were continuously monitored during anesthesia and recorded before induction of anesthesia (baseline, To ), immediately after induction (T1), immediately before isoflurane inhalation (T2), at 3 min(T3), 6 min (T4), 9 min (T5) and 12 min (T6) during high-flow wash-in and at the end-tidal isoflurane concentrations of 0.8 MAC (T7), 1.0 MAC (T8) and 1.3 MAC (T9) during low-flow inhalation of isoflurane, respectively.Results AAI decreased gradually while the end-tidal isoflurane concentration increased during high-flow wash-in. And AAI was negatively correlated with the end-tidal isoflurane concentrations ( r = -0.896, P ＜ 0.01 ) during low-flow inhalation of isoflurane anesthesia.

Objective To establish a microbial limit test for levofloxacin hydrochloride gel. Methods Ca2+ was added to neutralize the antibacterial activity of quinolone,and to form the insoluble precipitate by binding with carbomer, therefore destroying the stability of macromolecules in the gel. The microbial limit test for levofloxacin hydrochloride gel was confirmed combining with membrane filtration and plate methods. Results The normal plate counting was used in detecting the mold and yeast colony in the gel, the recovery was more than 70%.Simultaneously neutralization centrifugation and membrane filtration were used in bacterial count,with recovery less than 70%,and controlling bacteria test. Conclusion The method is accurate and practical for microbial limit test of levofloxacin hydrochloride gel, but is risky for bacterial counting and needs further risk assessment.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for developing the antibiotic community pharmaceutical care. METHODS:Some residents of Jiangbei district of Ningbo were randomly collected for questionnaire survey on antibiotic storage,usage,accep-tance degree and demand of pharmaceutical care,etc. And the results were analyzed statistically. RESULTS:Totally 2 000 ques-tionnaires were sent out,1 784 were effectively received with effective rate of 89.2%. 74.2% of respondents had kept antibiotics in house;61.3% lacked antibiotic knowledge and easily be confused with anti-inflammatory drugs,43.5% thought antibiotics was ef-fective for virus infections;48.4% had self-treated with antibiotics,the most common reason was cold symptoms,and it existed amount or course of antibiotics changes by themselves;only 15.1%of them had knew or heard of pharmaceutical care;majority re-spondents(88.9%)wanted to accept antibotic pharmaceutical care,hoping to learn the indications,usage and dosage,contraindica-tions,precautions and adverse reactions of antibiotics by drug consultation,lecture,etc. CONCLUSIONS:The residents lack the knowledge about rational use of antibiotics,it is urgent for pharmacists to provide antibiotic community pharmaceutical care for resi-dents with purpose,which are important guarantee for rational use of antibiotics.