The authors applied ADDES-HV parent evaluation scale for the purpose of screeing test to 538 2nd grade elementary school students from March 1994 to May. The results were as follows: There was no differences in scores of ADHD between schools. In comparing the male and female between three school students, male students showed signifieant high scores (p<0.05) than female students in the score of ADDES-HV subscale and total. There was no significant differences in ADDES-HV scale between male students and female students in both ADHD patients and normal controls. In reliability test for test and retest, the reliability coefficient was higher satisfatorily and that of inattention was 0.80, inpulsivity was 0.69, hyperactivity was 0.63 and the total score was 0.82. In reliability test by internal consistancy, the Cronbach a coefficient of patient group was 0.85(p<0.05) and that of normal control was 0.84(p<0.05). The Concurrent validity between ADDES-HV scale and DSM- III -R scale was 0.57(p<0.05) in ADHD patient group and 0.84(p<0.05) in normal control group. In discriminant validity test between ADHD patient group and normal control, the ADHD patient group showed higher score(p<0.05). The total disciminant capacity of the patient group in ADDES-HV scale was 94.44%. When we regard the cut off point as standard deviation 1.5, the male student was 80 score and the female student was 69 score. In this point of view, ADDES-HV scale was proved to be the useful screening test tool for ADHD research and showed higher reliability and validity in applying to Korean subjects.
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity* ; Child* ; Daegu* ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; Parents ; Reproducibility of Results

OBJECTIVE: In the management of spasticity, intramuscular neurolysis with small amount of dilute aqueous phenol has proved to be a useful measure. But, considerable problem has taken place in utilization of phenol. This study was attempted to compare the effect of phenol and alcohol for the peripheral nerve blocking in the management of spasticity. METHOD: Intraneural injection of 5% phenol, 50% alcohol and 90% alcohol solution carried out in each group of 10 rats. A total of 30 rat were injected and examined electrophysiologically before and after blocking the nerve (24 hour, 1 weeks, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 8 weeks). The randomized one rat of each group was sacrificed for the histological examination of the sciatic nerve at every examined day. RESULTS: There was no difference of the distal latencies and amplitudes of compound muscle action potentials among the groups before injection. The latencies were prolonged at 24 hours post-injection and shortened at 1 week post-injection in all the groups. The amplitudes were markedly decreased at 24 hours post-injection and increased at 1 week post- injection and reached the pre-injection value at 8 week post-injection in all the groups. Histologic studies showed necrosis at 1 week post-injection and regeneration at 2 week post- injection in 50% and 90% ethanol groups. Phenol injection group showed necrosis at 4 week post-injection and regeneration after 8 weeks. CONCLUSION: Our preliminary experience with alcohol for peripheral nerve blocking with encouraging result has been described.
Action Potentials ; Animals ; Ethanol ; Muscle Spasticity ; Necrosis ; Nerve Block ; Peripheral Nerves ; Phenol* ; Rats* ; Regeneration ; Sciatic Nerve*

OBJECTIVES: Peripheral benzodiazepine receptor has been suggested to be associated with the relief of anxiety response induced by stresses. This study was designed to observe the anxiolytic activity of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 200-250g were forced to suffer an immobilization stress for 2 hours. The level of anxiety by immobilization was performed by an elevated plus maze and was evaluated by the number of [3H]Ro5-4864 binding sites in the olfactory bulb. RESULTS: Saturation experiments followed by scatchard anlayses of the results showed that the density of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor increased and the affinity of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor remained unchanged. It was found that there was no significant change in the cerebral cortex. Pretreatment with clonazepam, a central benzodiazepine receptor agonist, before an immobilization stress abolished the anxoius response on the performance of plus maze. In this group, upregulation of peripheral benzodiazepine receptor of olfactory bulb was not observed. Ro5-4864, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor agonist, elicited an increase of anxiolytic response on the performance of plus maze. Progesterone, a precursor of neuroactive steroid, also increased anxiolytic response on the performance of plus maze. Pretreatment with PK11195, a peripheral benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, abolshed the anxiolytic effect of progesterone. CONCLUSIONS: From these results, it could be concluded that peripheral benzodiazepine receptor is closely associated with the relief of acute stress induced anxiety response via an increase of synthesis of neuroactive steroid.
Animals ; Anti-Anxiety Agents ; Anxiety* ; Benzodiazepines* ; Binding Sites ; Cerebral Cortex ; Clonazepam ; Humans ; Immobilization ; Male ; Olfactory Bulb ; Progesterone ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, GABA-A* ; Up-Regulation

PURPOSE: To assess clinical difference between total knee replacement (TKR) performed with tourniquet and diluted adrenine infiltration without tourniquet. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the postoperative transfusion amount, intraoperative blood loss, operation time, range of motion and postoperative thigh pain in 60 cases. 30 cases (group I) were performed TKR with tourniquet and the others (group II) were performed TKR using diluted adrenaline (2.5mg of 1:1000 epinephrine diluted in 500 ml of normal saline) infiltration without tourniquet. Closed suction drainage was not used in all patients. RESULTS: In gruop I, the intraoperative blood loss was average 407.6 ml, pre- and postoperative hemoglobin average 12.6 and 9.4 g/dl, postoperative transfusion average 1.83 unit, operative time average 116.5 minutes and range of motion (at preoperative, at 7days and 6 weeks after the operation) average 116.3 degrees, 90.7degrees and 103.4degrees. In group II, the intraoperative blood loss was average 398.2 ml, pre- and postoperative hemoglobin average 13.1 and 9.7 g/dl, postoperative transfusion amount average 1.76 unit, operative time average 118.3 minutes and range of motion average 113.6 degrees, 89.2 degrees, and 105.7degrees. But average postoperative thigh pain score was significantly higher in group I (average 3.7) than group II (average 0.9). CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss, pre- and postoperative hemoglobin, postoperative transfusion amount, operative time and range of motion between the two groups. But we could decrease the thigh pain after TKR, not using the tourniquet.
Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee ; Epinephrine* ; Humans ; Operative Time ; Range of Motion, Articular ; Suction ; Thigh ; Tourniquets

PURPOSE: To evaluate clinical and radiographic results associated with the use of autogenous bone graft with preservation of cortical bone in the patients with severe bone defect of the proximal medial tibia in total knee arthroplasty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 2000 to June 2003, thirty three primary total knee arthroplasty were performed with autogenous bone graft for severe peripheral defect of the proximal medial tibia. After sclerotic bone of defect site was removed by the burr, reconstruction of medial wall was done by use of resected bone, which was fixed by wedge-shaped bone. Autogenous cancellous bone was grafted in the central type bone defect area. We reviewed the result using the HSS knee rating scores and observed the radiographic changes. RESULTS: The mean HSS knee rating score was 43.5 preoperatively and was 91.3 at last follow-up. Radiologically, union of the tibial bone grafts were impossible to determine, but there were no evidence of the displacement of grafted bone, osteolysis and loosening of the inserted implants. CONCLUSION: The method of autogenous bone graft applied with preservation of cortical bone and wedge bone graft could be supposed as useful in the reconstruction of the tibial bone defects as well as in the stability of the tibial component.
Arthroplasty* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Knee* ; Osteolysis ; Tibia ; Transplants*

PURPOSE: To compare the roentgenographic results between Image-free navigation system-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA) using the OrthoPilot(R) and conventional TKA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of 120 primary TKA that operated by one surgeon, 60 cases were operated with a Image-free navigation system (OrthoPilot(R) 4.0, Aesculap, Tuttlingen, Germany) (group A) and 60 cases were operated with conventional method (manual alignment system) (group B). The alignment of the lower extremity and the position of the components were determined on postoperative long-leg standing anteroposterior radiogram and lateral radiogram. RESULTS: Mechanical axis was significantly more accurate in group A than group B(95% compared with 80%). The coronal inclination of femoral component to mechanical axis (theta) was significantly more accurate in group A than group B(96.7% compared with 80%). There were no significant differences between two groups in the sagittal inclination of femoral component(gamma), the coronal inclination of tibial component (beta) and the sagittal inclination of tibial component(delta). In all five measurements being excellently implanted, a significantly higher number was in group A(60% compared with 40%). CONCLUSION: Image-free navigation system-assisted TKA using the OrthoPilot(R) led to significantly increased precision of restoration of the alignment of the lower extremity and the position of the components compared with the conventional method. Potential benefits in long-term outcome and functional improvement require further investigation.
Arthroplasty ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Knee ; Lower Extremity

PURPOSE: To assess blood loss and transfusion between Navigation assisted minimally invasive total knee arthroplasty (TKA) performed with immediate release of drain and 1-hour - delayed release of drain. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We carried out a prospective randomised study to evaluate the blood loss in 100 knees having a Navigation-assisted minimally invasive TKA by dividing into two groups, one having a immediate release of drain (group A) and the other having a 1 hour-delayed release of drain(group B). All patients had a unilateral primary TKA using cemented type. RESULTS: The mean drainage of blood was 464.9 ml in a immediate release of drain group and 409.1ml in 1 hour-delayed release of drain group. This difference was not statistically significant (p=0.117). The pre- and postoperative hemoglobin were mean 13.36g/dl and 10.77 g/dl in group A, mean 12.8 g/dl and 10.37 g/dl in group B. All patients were not transfused in intra- and post operation. CONCLUSION: There was no significant difference in total blood loss of drain and pre- and postoperative hemoglobin between the two groups by the Navigation-assisted minimally invasive TKA. All patients were not transfused in intra- and post operation.
Arthroplasty* ; Drainage ; Humans ; Knee* ; Prospective Studies

BACKGROUND: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) has been reported to be a sensitive indicator of pancreatic necrosis (PN), and some studies suggested that an elevation of the ratio of LDH to AST (LDH/AST ratio) woud be more accurate indicator of PN in acute biliary pncreatitis (BP). However, there were no studies in alcoholic pancreatitis (AP). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of LDH/AST ratio in alcoholic pancreatitis (AP) as a indicator of PN. METHODS: On the basis of CT scan findings, the patients were categorized into two groups as having PN or non-PN. The plasma levels of the LDH, AST and LDH/AST ratio over two weeks postadmission period were evaluated and compared with in two groups of patients with BP (consiting of 12 PN and 34 non-PN patients), and with AP (consisting of 14 PN and 38 non-PN patients). RESULTS: In acute BP, on post-admission days 1 and 2, the LDH/AST ratio were low in both groups without significant difference. In the group with PN, thereafter, the LDH/AST ratio increased gradually, reached peak values at the 7th days and decreased. In the non-PN patients, the LDH/AST ratio increased gradually, but remained below the control range. The LDH/AST ratios were significantly higher from post-admission day 3 in the group with PN than in the non-PN group. In acute AP, the LDH levels were significantly higher over two weeks from admission day in the PN patients. The LDH/AST ratios were remained within or below the control range in both groups, though with statistically significnat difference. CONCLUSION: The LDH/AST ratio could be used as an indicator of PN in acute BP. In acute AP, however, LDH was a more useful indicator from the early stage in the course.
Alcoholics* ; Humans ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; Necrosis* ; Pancreatitis, Alcoholic* ; Plasma ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Frovatriptan is a selective 5-HT1B/1D agonist with a long duration of action and a low incidence of side effects. Although several placebo-controlled trials have documented the clinical efficacy and safety of frovatriptan in adults with migraine, this drug has not previously been studied in Asian including Korean patients. METHODS: In this double-blind multicenter trial, 229 patients with migraine were randomized to receive frovatriptan 2.5 mg or placebo upon the occurrence of a moderate-to-severe migraine. The primary outcome was the 2-hour headache response rate. RESULTS: Frovatriptan significantly increased the 2-hour headache response rate compared with placebo (52.9% vs. 34.0%, p=0.004). The headache response rates at 4, 6, and 12 hours were significantly higher in the frovatriptan group than in the placebo group, as was the pain-free rate at 2 hours (19.0% vs. 5.7%, p=0.004), 4 hours (40.7% vs. 23.0%, p=0.006), and 6 hours (56.1% vs. 34.0%, p=0.002). The median time to a headache response was significantly shorter in the frovatriptan group than in the placebo group (2.00 hours vs. 3.50 hours, p<0.001). The use of rescue medications was more common in the placebo group (p=0.005). Chest tightness associated with triptan was infrequent (2.5%), mild, and transient. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that 2.5-mg frovatriptan is effective and well tolerated in Korean migraineurs for acute treatment of migraine attacks.
Adult ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Carbazoles ; Headache ; Humans ; Incidence ; Migraine Disorders ; Oxalates ; Thorax ; Tryptamines

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Recently, similar to the anomalous union of the pancreatobiliary duct (AUPBD), a low junction of the cystic duct (LJCD) was reported to be associated with the carcinogenesis of the gall bladder (GB) and other pancreatobiliary diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the clinical significance of the LJCD. METHODS: In this study all cases were performed ERCP. Three hundred and twenty two cases were selected due to their clear identification of the union area between the bile duct and the pancreatic duct, inserted area of the cystic duct, and the duodenal opening of the bile duct. The LJCD was defined that the cystic duct joins the distal bile duct between the upper margin of the pancreas and the duodenal opening of the bile duct. AUPBD was defined as a common channel greater than 15 mm in length. The clinical data was divided into four groups-normal biliary anatomy (Group 1), AUPBD (Group 2), LJCD (Group 3), and combined with AUPBD and LJCD (Group 4), and then analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects was 56.6 with 183 male and 139 female cases. Among 322 cases, there were 7.1% (23 of 322) of AUPBD, 11.2% (36 of 322) of LJCD and 0.6% (2 of 322) of combined with AUPBD and LJCD. The clinical symptoms and the laboratory findings of the subjects were no statistical significance among the groups. The incidence of CBD stones was 27.3% (88 of 322) of the patients; 25.3% (66 of 261) of Group 1, 21.7% (5 of 23) of Group 2, 47.2% (17 of 36) of Group 3, and were significantly higher in Group 3 than Group 1 & Group 3 (p=0.038). However, the incidence of GB stones and cystic duct stones was no statistical significance among the groups. Malignant diseases of the biliary trees were 9.65% (31 of 322) of the patients; 6.8% (18 of 261) of Group 1, 26% (6 of 23) of Group 2, 13.8% (5 of 36) of Group 3, and were closely correlated with AUPBD (p<0.001) and LJCD (p=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: LJCD is relatively common in patients undergoing ERCP and closely correlated with the CBD stones and the malignacies of the biliary system. However its role in these condition is uncertain and needs to be further investigated.
Bile Ducts ; Biliary Tract ; Carcinogenesis ; Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde ; Cystic Duct* ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Pancreas ; Pancreatic Ducts ; Urinary Bladder