No abstract available.
Depression* ; Prolactin* ; Thyroid Gland* ; Thyroid Hormones*

No abstract available.
Depression*

The movement disorders in psychiatry have been neglected, though it is an important psychiatric dimension to exert unfavorable influence on patients'quality of life. The etiologies of movement disorders in psychiatry can be classified as primary neurological disorders, psychiatric comorbidities of neurological disorders, manifestations of primary psychiatric disorders, drug-induced movement disorders and psychogenic movement disorders. For the rapid and proper treatment for movement symptoms and signs easily observed from psychiatric patients, psychiatrists' ability toward precise disgnosis and differential diagnosis of movement disorders should be preceded.
Comorbidity ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Humans ; Movement Disorders* ; Nervous System Diseases ; Psychiatry*

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Brain* ; Schizophrenia*

No abstract available.
Neuroimmunomodulation*

No abstract available.
Depression* ; Hyperprolactinemia* ; Hypothyroidism*

No abstract available.
Animals ; Capsaicin* ; Hot Temperature* ; Nociception* ; Peripheral Nerves* ; Rats*

The neurophysiological study has been widely used in search of the relationship between brain and behavior. The basic techniques for the animal experiments of this kind such as stereotaxic techniques, lesioning methods the methods the methods of electrical stimulation and recording and confirmation of histological location were briefly reviewed. Nevertheless the importance of complementary neurochemical, neuroanatomical and behavioral studies can not be neglected.
Animal Experimentation* ; Animals* ; Brain ; Electric Stimulation ; Stereotaxic Techniques

Animal models can provide a useful tool for the study of some aspects of psychiatric disorders and their treatment. The four criteria for the evaluation of animal models of psychiatric disorders are as following : 1) similarity of inducing conditions 2) similarity of behavioral state 3) common underlying neurobiological mechanisms 4) reversal by clinically effective treatment techniques. Several animal models have been proposed for schizophrenia : phenylethylamine model, L-dopa model, hallucinogen model. cocaine model, amphetamine model, phencyclidine model, noradrenergic reward system lesion model, reticular stimulation model, social isolation model, conditioned avoidance reaction, catalepsy test, paw test, self-stimulation paradigms, latent inhibition paradigms, blocking paradigms, prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex, rodent interaction, social behavior in monkeys, hippocampal damage, high ambient pressure, and models using selective breeding. Among them, animals with bilateral lesion of the hippocampus may provide an adequate animal model for several symptoms of schizophrenia, and ketamine model can reproduce negative symptoms and cognitive deficits as well as positive symptoms of schizophrenia. In conclusion, no model of schizophrenia is entirely representative of the disease, and findings gleaned from model systems must be cautiously interpreted. Furthermore, the process of developing and validating animal models must work in concert with the process to identify reliable measures of human phenomenology.
Amphetamine ; Animals ; Breeding ; Catalepsy ; Cocaine ; Haplorhini ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Ketamine ; Levodopa ; Models, Animal ; Models, Theoretical* ; Phencyclidine ; Reflex ; Reward ; Rodentia ; Schizophrenia* ; Social Isolation