OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to investigate the factors affecting the fatigue and stress in male manufacturing workers. METHODS: A questionnaire investigating general characteristics, lifestyle factors, job characteristics, fatigue and stress was distributed to 896 subjects. From 851 respondents, 11 responses with insufficient data were excluded. The data were analyzed to investigate the factors affecting personal fatigue and stress. RESULTS: Among the general characteristics, both fatigue and stress in the older group were significantly lower than in the younger group (p<0.05). Fatigue in the group with higher education was significantly higher than in the group with only high school education (p<0.05). The group who lived alone had significantly more stress (p<0.05). Among lifestyle factors, people who exercised regularly had significantly lower fatigue and stress than those who did not (p<0.05). Fatigue was negatively correlated with decision latitude, supervisor support, and coworker support. Stress was positively correlated with job demand and negatively correlated with decision latitude, supervisor support, and coworker support. Fatigue and stress were positively correlated with each other. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that among job characteristic factors, coworker support affected fatigue while job demand and supervisor support affected stress. CONCLUSIONS: Fatigue and stress were positively correlated, but the job characteristics that affected each were different. This suggests that for effective management of fatigue and stress, the details of job characteristics need to be considered individually for the intervention and prevention of fatigue and stress.
Data Collection ; Education ; Fatigue* ; Humans ; Life Style ; Linear Models ; Male* ; Questionnaires

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine a separation method for each arsenic metabolite in urine by using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)- inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). METHODS: Separation of the arsenic metabolites was conducted in urine by using a polymeric anion-exchange (Hamilton PRP X-100, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5 mum) column on Agilent Technologies 1260 Infinity LC system coupled to Agilent Technologies 7700 series ICP/MS equipment using argon as the plasma gas. RESULTS: All five important arsenic metabolites in urine were separated within 16 minutes in the order of arsenobetaine, arsenite, dimethylarsinate, monomethylarsonate and arsenate with detection limits ranging from 0.15 to 0.27 mug/L (40 muL injection). We used GEQUAS No. 52, the German external quality assessment scheme and standard reference material 2669, National Institute of Standard and Technology, to validate our analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The method for separation of arsenic metabolites in urine was established by using HPLC-ICP-MS. This method contributes to the evaluation of arsenic exposure, health effect assessment and other bio-monitoring studies for arsenic exposure in South Korea.
Argon ; Arsenic* ; Cacodylic Acid ; Chromatography, Liquid ; Environmental Monitoring ; Korea ; Limit of Detection ; Plasma ; Polymers ; Spectrum Analysis*

OBJECTIVES: Delirium is a common postoperative complication in old adults associated with adverse events including functional decline, longer lengths of stay, and risk of institutionalization. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the incidence, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative risk factors of postoperative delirium in spine surgery. METHODS: Seventy-nine patients who underwent spine surgery were included. Preoperative assessments included current medical illness, number of comorbid problems, and the number of medications by past medical history, medical record, and interview with patients and caregivers. Intraoperative risk factors were evaluated. Laboratory data were checked preoperatively and postoperatively. The presence of delirium was determined by the Korean version of Delirium Rating Scale (K-DRS). RESULTS: Postoperative delirium was found in patients (7.6%). There was an association suggested between older age and postoperative delirium in spine surgery (p<0.05). An association was suggested between increasing numbers of medical conditions and postoperative delirium (p<0.05). Preoperative hemoglobin, hematocrit, sodium, potassium, calcium, albumin levels and postoperative hemoglobin and total protein levels were in the delirium group was significantly lower than those in control group (p<0.05). CONCLSION: This study showed that the postoperative delirium in spine surgery is not rare and several preoperative and postoperative factors are involved in the development of delirium. This pilot study is the first prospective trial in the area of postoperative delirium in spine surgery with a small sample size and short-term period, so further research with large sample size will be necessary.
Adult ; Aged ; Calcium ; Caregivers ; Delirium* ; Hematocrit ; Humans ; Incidence ; Institutionalization ; Medical Records ; Pilot Projects* ; Postoperative Complications ; Potassium ; Prospective Studies ; Risk Factors ; Sample Size ; Sodium ; Spine*

On pages 252, 253, 254, Method, Table 1 and Figure 1 have been misspelled. The reverse transcriptase should be corrected as 'realtime'.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this paper was to elucidate the potential methylation levels of adjacent normal and cancer tissues by comparing them with normal colorectal tissues, and to describe the correlations between the methylation and clinical parameters in Korean colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. METHODS: Hypermethylation profiles of nine genes (RASSF1, APC, p16INK4a, Twist1, E-cadherin, TIMP3, Smad4, COX2, and ABCB1) were examined with 100 sets of cancer tissues and 14 normal colorectal tissues. We determined the hypermethylation at a given level by a percent of methylation ratio value of 10 using quantitative methylation real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Nine genes' hypermethylation levels in Korean CRC patient tissues were increased more higher than normal colorectal tissues. However, the amounts of p16INK4a and E-cadherin gene hypermethylation in normal and CRC tissues were not significantly different nor did TIMP3 gene hypermethylation in adjacent normal and cancer tissues differ significantly. The hypermethylation of TIMP3, E-cadherin, ABCB1, and COX2 genes among other genes were abundantly found in normal colorectal tissues. The hypermethylation of nine genes' methylation in cancer tissues was not significantly associated with any clinical parameters. In Cohen's kappa test, it was moderately observed that RASSF1 was related with E-cadherin, and Smad4 with ABCB1 and COX2. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for different hypermethylation patterns of cancer-associated genes in normal and CRC tissues, which may serve as useful information on CRC cancer progression.
Colorectal Neoplasms/*genetics ; *DNA Methylation ; Disease Progression ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction

PURPOSE: To assess the influence of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression on the survival of patients with a combination of rectal cancer and lymph node metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included rectal cancer patients treated by radical surgery and postoperative radiotherapy at the Dong-A university hospital from 1998 to 2004. A retrospective analysis was performed on a subset of patients that also had lymph node metastasis. After excluding eight of 86 patients, due to missing tissue samples in three, malignant melanoma in one, treatment of gastric cancer around one year before diagnosis in one, detection of lung cancer after one year of diagnosis in one, liver metastasis in one, and refusal of radiotherapy after 720 cGy in one, 78 patients were analyzed. The immunohistochemistry for COX-2 was conducted with an autostainer (BenchMark; Ventana, Tucson, AZ, USA). An image analyzer (TissueMine; Bioimagene, Cupertino, CA, USA) was used for analysis after scanning (ScanScope; Aperio, Vista, CA, USA). A survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan Meier method and significance was evaluated using the log rank test. RESULTS: COX-2 was stained positively in 62 patients (79.5%) and negatively in 16 (20.5%). A total of 6 (7.7%), 15 (19.2%), and 41 (52.6%) patients were of grades 1, 2, and 3, respectively for COX-2 expression. No correlation was found between being positive of COX-2 patient characteristics, which include age (<60-year old vs. > or =60), sex, operation methods (abdominoperineal resection vs. lower anterior resection), degrees of differentiation, tumor size (<5 cm vs. > or =5 cm), T stages, N stages, and stages (IIIa, IIIb, IIIc). The 5-year overall and 5-year disease free survival rates for the entire patient population were 57.0% and 51.6%, respectively. The 5-year overall survival rates for the COX-2 positive and negative patients were 53.0% and 72.9%, respectively (p=0.146). Further, the 5-year disease free survival rates for the COX-2 positive and negative patients were 46.3% and 72.7%, respectively (p=0.118). The 5-year overall survival rates were significantly different (p<0.05) for the degree of differentiation, N stage, and stage, whereas the 5-year disease free survival rates were significant for N stage and stage. CONCLUSION: Being positive for and the degree of COX-2 expression did not have a significant influence on the survival of rectal cancer patients with lymph node metastasis. However, N stage and stage did significantly influence the rateof survival. Further analysis of a greater sample size is necessary for the verification of the effect of COX-2 expression on the survival of rectal cancer patients with lymph node involvement.
Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Disease-Free Survival ; Disulfiram ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Liver ; Lung Neoplasms ; Lymph Nodes ; Melanoma ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Rectal Neoplasms ; Retrospective Studies ; Sample Size ; Stomach Neoplasms ; Survival Rate

OBJECTIVES: The microRNA (miRNA) miR-196a2 may play an important role in lung cancer development and survival by altering binding activity of target mRNA. In this study, we evaluated their associations with the susceptibility of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) by case-control study in a Korean population. METHODS: We performed genotyping analyses for miR-196a2 rs11614913 T/C at miRNA regions in a case-control study using blood samples of 406 NSCLC patient and 428 cancer-free control groups. RESULTS: The total C allele frequencies for miR-196a2 were 48.8% for the patients and 45.6% for the controls; and the genotype frequencies of TT, TC, and CC were 23.7%, 55.2%, and 21.1% for the patients and 31.1%, 46.35%, and 22.4% for the controls (p<0.05). Participants who possesses TC/CC genotypes showed high risk for NSCLC compared to those possessed TT genotypes (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.96). The association was persisted in 60 and older age group, male, smokers, those without family history for cancer. However, no significant association of CC genotypes in recessive genetic model was observed. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, this case-control study provides evidence that miR-196a2 rs11614913 C/T polymorphisms are associated with a significantly increased risk of NSCLC in a dominant model, indicating that common genetic polymorphisms in miR-196a2 rs11614913 are associated with NSCLC. The association of miR196a2 rs11614913 polymorphisms and NSCLC risk require confirmation through additional larger studies.
Age Factors ; Aged ; *Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/*genetics ; Case-Control Studies ; Female ; Genetic Association Studies ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genotype ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/*genetics ; Male ; MicroRNAs/*genetics ; Middle Aged ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Republic of Korea ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Smoking/ethnology

PURPOSE :The goals of this study were to investigate the medical care utilization and statistics of lengths of admissions such as the means, modes, medians, maximums, and minimums for patients with some musculoskeletal diseases among the National Health Insurance Corporation data. We provided basic recommendations for the proper lengths of admissions of occupationally injured workers with these diseases in Korea. METERIALS AND METHODS: The study subjects were 20 to 59 year-old patients who were admitted from January 1, 2000 to June 30, 2001, over 4-day lengths of admission for the management of 20 different musculoskeletal disorders. We calculated means, standard deviations, modes, medians, maximums, minimums, and points of inflection for the lengths of admission of patients with these disorders. RESULTS: The mean length of admission for carpal tunnel syndrome was 8.0+/-6.2 days, that of Raynaud's syndrome was 10.5+/-7.7 days, that of internal derangements of the knee was 12.9+/-11.8 days, that of unspecified internal derangements of the knee was 13.3+/-13.0 days, that of cervical disc disorder with radiculopathy was 16.8+/-19.0 days, that of other cervical disc displacements was 15.9+/-15.9 days, that of lumbar and other intervertebral disc disorders with radiculopathy was 14.9 +/-13.8 days, that of unspecified intervertebral disc displacements was 14.9+/-13.9 days, that of unspecified synovitis and tenosynovitis was 12.5+/-9.9 days, that of ganglions was 7.5+/-7.3 days, that of fasciitis, NEC, was 19.8+/-24.7 days, that of adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder was 15.2+/-15.5 days, that of impingement syndrome of the shoulder was 11.4+/-12.0 days, that of medial epicondylitis was 11.2+/-7.3 days, that of lateral epicondylitis was 12.1+/-11.5 days, that of myalgias was 12.4+/-19.5 days, that of sprain and strain of the cervical spine was 12.4+/-10.2 days, that of sprain and strain of the lumbar spine was 12.3+/-10.9 days, that of a current tear of the meniscus was 13.3+/-13.2 days, and that of sprain and strain involving the cruciate ligaments of the knee was 18.2+/-17.0 days. Every point of inflection was the 80th percentile or the 90th percentile of the lengths of admission of the subjects. CONCLUSION: This study has significant weaknesses, such as limitations of applicable ranges and errors in the National Health Insurance Corporation data, among others. However, the authors present various statistics and points of inflection of lengths of admissions for patients suffering from 20 work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the general population. Those cases in which the lengths of admissions of patients with the above-mentioned musculoskeletal disorders that are greater than the points of inflection, need to be evaluated carefully.
Bursitis ; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ; Fasciitis ; Ganglion Cysts ; Humans ; Intervertebral Disc ; Intervertebral Disc Displacement ; Knee ; Korea ; Ligaments ; Middle Aged ; Musculoskeletal Diseases ; Myalgia ; National Health Programs* ; Occupations ; Radiculopathy ; Shoulder ; Spine ; Sprains and Strains ; Synovitis ; Tenosynovitis

OBJECTIVES: Common genetic SNPs in two genes, encoding catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), which are interconnected with COMT gene regulation, have been reported to contribute to schizophrenia risk. In this study, we evaluated the association between functional polymorphisms in COMT and MTHFR and schizophrenia risk with a case-control study in a Korean population. METHODS: We performed a case-control study by genotyping analysis using 360 cases and 348 controls in Korean subjects to determine the association between functional polymorphisms in COMT and MTHFR and schizophrenia risk. RESULTS: Four functional SNPs in COMT (Val158Met and rs165599) and MTHFR (C677T and A1298C) were genotyped by primer extension assay. None of the genotype distributions for the four SNPs was significantly different between cases and controls. Stratified analysis did not show any significant gender difference for any polymorphism. In addition, we found no evidence of a gene-gene interaction in the analysis of combined genotypes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest no significant association between the selected functional polymorphisms of COMT or MTHFR in Korean schizophrenia subjects. However, further studies are required to confirm our findings in a larger number of subjects.
Case-Control Studies ; Catechol O-Methyltransferase ; Genotype ; Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Schizophrenia

Background/Aims: The role of hepatitis B virus (HBV) integration into the host genome in hepatocarcinogenesis following hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroclearance remains unknown. Our study aimed to investigate and characterize HBV integration events in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients who developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after HBsAg seroclearance.
Methods: Using probe-based HBV capturing followed by next-generation sequencing technology, HBV integration was examined in 10 samples (seven tumors and three non-tumor tissues) from seven chronic carriers who developed HCC after HBsAg loss. Genomic locations and patterns of HBV integration were investigated.
Results: HBV integration was observed in six patients (85.7%) and eight (80.0%) of 10 tested samples. HBV integration breakpoints were detected in all of the non-tumor (3/3, 100%) and five of the seven (71.4%) tumor samples, with an average number of breakpoints of 4.00 and 2.43, respectively. Despite the lower total number of tumoral integration breakpoints, HBV integration sites in the tumors were more enriched within the genic area. In contrast, non-tumor tissues more often showed intergenic integration. Regarding functions of the affected genes, tumoral genes with HBV integration were mostly associated with carcinogenesis. At enrollment, patients who did not remain under regular HCC surveillance after HBsAg seroclearance had a large HCC, while those on regular surveillance had a small HCC.
Conclusions The biological functions of HBV integration are almost comparable between HBsAg-positive and HBsAgserocleared HCCs, with continuing pro-oncogenic effects of HBV integration. Thus, ongoing HCC surveillance and clinical management should continue even after HBsAg seroclearance in patients with CHB.