No abstract available.
Cyclosporine*

Osteoma cutis is a primary cutaneous ossification, which has no preceding trauma or skin disease and no evidence of Albrights hereditary osteodystrophy n the patient or his family. The lesion appears as hard, round to irregular, sharply defined tumor of varying size within the skin or subcutis, and color ranges from flesh-colored to purple or brown. We report herein a case of osteoma cutis in a 32-year-old female, who had a 1 x 1cm sized, asymptomatic, round, flesh colored, hard nodule on the right side of her forehead for 5 years. Histopathologic examination showed mature bone with many ostocytes, osteoblasts, cement lines and Haversian canals in the dermis.
Adult ; Dermis ; Female ; Forehead ; Haversian System ; Humans ; Osteoblasts ; Osteoma* ; Skin ; Skin Diseases

It has been well known that ischemia reperfusion injury to skeletal muscle following an acute arterial occlusion causes significant morbidity and mortality. There are many causes of reperfusion injury, but the oxygen free radicals have a significant role. During ischemia the ATP is catalyzed to hypoxanthine anaerobically and hypoxanthine dehydrogenase is converted to xanthine oxidase under the presence of O2 resulting in the production of cytotoxic oxygen free radical, which are harmful to muscle. The reactivity of superoxide dismutase(SOD), one of the major antioxidant enzymes, is increased against the formation of the superoxide radical during reperfusion. SOD metabolyzes the superoxide radical to H2 O2 and O2.The severity of ischemic damage deports on the duration of muscle ischemia. The reversible changes in the muscle occur afar 2 hours of ischemia and recover within 24 hours after reperfusion. After 6 hours ischemia, irreversible damage occurs and causes necrosis of muscle. The authors performed the resent study to investigate the changes of Mn-SOD and the effects of allopurinol, the inhibitor of xanthine oxidase, by measuring the immunoreactivitiy of the ischemic reperfused rectus femoris muscle of rats after 2 hours and 6 hours ischemia and timely reperfusion. A total of 176 healthy spraque-Dawley rats weighing from 200 gm to 250 gm were used. Under urthane(3.0 gm/kg.,IP) anesthesia, a lower-abdominal incision was made and the left common iliac artery was ligated by using a vascular clamp for 2 hours and 6 hours. Rectus femoris muscle was obtained at 0 hour, 1 hour, 2 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours after removal of the vascular clamp. The specimens were sectioned in 14micro miter thickness with a cryostat. The immunoreactivities of Mn-SOD were observed by using Mn-SOD antibodies. The result were as follows. 1. The immunoreactivies of Mn-SOD around sarcolemma were stronger than those on the sarcoplasm. 2. The immunoreactivities of Mn-S0D after 2 hours of ischemia increased to moderate or weak reactivities at 1 hour and 2 hours of reperfusion and returned to week or trace reactivities at 24 hours and 48 hours of reperfusion 3. The pretreatment of allopurinol decreased the immunoreactivies of Mn-SOD during reperfusion. The pattern of changes of SOD immunoreactivies were similar, but the range of changes significantly decreased. 4. The immunoreactivies of Mn-SOD after 6 hours of ischemia increased after 6 hours of ischemia increased after reperfusion and showed peak at 2 hours and 24 hours specimen. After 48 hours in the reperfused group, the reactivities slightly decreased. 5. After 6 hours in the ischemia-reperfused group, the pretreatment of allopurinol decreased the immunoreactivies of Mn-SOD during reperfusion, but the effects were weak. These results suggest that the immunoreactivities of the 6 hours ischemia reperfused group were higher than those of 2-hours ischemia reperfused group in the rectus femoris muscle of rats and that allopurinol pretreatment can be credited with decreasing ischemia reperfusion injury within a reversible period.
Adenosine Triphosphate ; Allopurinol ; Anesthesia ; Animals ; Antibodies ; Free Radicals ; Hypoxanthine ; Iliac Artery ; Ischemia ; Mortality ; Muscle, Skeletal ; Necrosis ; Oxygen ; Quadriceps Muscle* ; Rats* ; Reperfusion Injury* ; Reperfusion* ; Sarcolemma ; Superoxide Dismutase* ; Superoxides ; Xanthine Oxidase

Cardiac arrest associated with hyperkalemia during red blood cell transfusion is a rare but fatal complication. Herein, we report a case of transfusion-associated cardiac arrest following the initiation of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in a 9-month old infant. Her serum potassium level was increased to 9.0 mEq/L, soon after the newly primed circuit with pre-stored red blood cell (RBC) was started and followed by sudden cardiac arrest. Eventually, circulation was restored and the potassium level decreased to 5.1 mEq/L after 5 min. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) priming is a relatively massive transfusion into a pediatric patient. Thus, to prevent cardiac arrest during blood-primed ECMO in neonates and infants, freshly irradiated and washed RBCs should be used when priming the ECMO circuit, to minimize the potassium concentration. Also, physicians should be aware of all possible complications associated with transfusions during ECMO.
Blood Transfusion ; Death, Sudden, Cardiac ; Erythrocyte Transfusion ; Erythrocytes ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation* ; Heart Arrest* ; Humans ; Hyperkalemia* ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Potassium

No abstract available.
Dermatitis, Contact*

Cutaneous metastases from internal malignancy are relatively rare. Three cases of cutaneous metastases, two from lung cancer and one from breast cancer are reported. Case 1-cutaneous metastasis from bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of the lung, where four erythematous to pinkish pea sized smooth surfaced nodules on the scalp were noticed for 2 years in a 48-year-old man. Case 2-cutaneous metastasis from adenocarcmoma of the lung, where two hard tender freely movable subcutaneous nodules, about 3 cm in diameter on the lateral chest wall were noticed for 6 months in a 61-year-old woman. Case 3-cutaneous metastasis from infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the right breast, where a hand, violaceous, non-tender plaque (8×6.5 cm) on the right areolar area was noticed for 4 months in a 47-year-old woman.
Adenocarcinoma, Bronchiolo-Alveolar ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Carcinoma, Ductal ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Peas ; Scalp ; Thoracic Wall

OBJECTIVE: To investigate outcomes of stimulated IVF cycles in which GnRH antagonist was omitted on the ovulation triggering day. METHODS: A total of 86 women who underwent controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with recombinant FSH and GnRH antagonist flexible multiple-dose protocols were recruited and prospectively randomized into the conventional group (group A) or cessation group (group B). The GnRH antagonist, 0.25 mg/day of cetrorelix, was started when the leading follicle reached 14 mm in diameter and was continuously administered until the hCG triggering day (group A, 43 cycles) or until the day before hCG administration (group B, 43 cycles). The maturity of oocytes, fertilization rate, embryo quality, and implantation and clinical pregnancy rates were evaluated. RESULTS: The duration of ovarian stimulation, total dose of gonadotropins, serum estradiol levels on hCG administration day, and number of oocytes retrieved were not significantly different between the two groups. The total dose of GnRH antagonist was significantly lower in group B than group A (2.5+/-0.9 vs. 3.2+/-0.8 ampoules, p<0.05). There was no premature luteinization in any of the subjects. The proportion of mature oocytes and fertilization rate were not significantly different in group B than group A (70.7% vs. 66.7%; 71.1% vs. 66.4%, respectively). There were no significant differences in the implantation or clinical pregnancy rates. CONCLUSION: Our prospective randomized study suggested that cessation of GnRH antagonist on the hCG administration day during a flexible multiple-dose protocol could reduce the total dose of GnRH antagonist without compromising its effects on pregnancy rates.
Embryonic Structures ; Estradiol ; Female ; Fertilization ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Gonadotropins ; Humans ; Lutein ; Luteinization ; Oocytes ; Ovulation ; Ovulation Induction ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Rate ; Prospective Studies

PURPOSE: Generally, young age onset malignancies show worse prognosis. But is "young age onset" a single prognostic factor for breast cancer, has been controversial. The incidence of breast cancer according to age is different by region and races. This study purposed to know the incidence of breast cancer in younger or 35 year old (below Young age group) and its clinical characteristics, prognosis, and difference with older age onset breast cancer. METHODS: A retrospective study of consecutive 545 breast cancer patients who had been treated by our hospital from 1990 to 1999, was carried out. We investigated the ratio of 35 year old or younger breast cancer patients, age of menarche, TNM stage, histologic grades, hormone receptor status, survival rates. And compared it with counter age (>35) group's. The significances of differences were evaluated using Student's-t test or chi-square test by variable type. Analysis were performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Younger age group patients were 62 (11.3%) among them, showed earlier menarche, worse histologic differentiation, and lower mammographic detection rate than counter group (p<0.05). There were no difference in TNM stage distribution, hormone receptor expression status according to age group (p>0.05). Young age group's 5 year overall and disease free survival rates were 83+/-5% and 58+/-8%, both were lower than counter group's 89+/-2% and 74+/-3% (p<0.05). Also age adjusted overall and disease free survival rates were worse than counter age group's. CONCLUSION:Younger age group shows worse survival rates, have poor prognostic factors and show early relapsing rate than older age group. So we can consider "young age onset" as a poor prognostic factor in breast cancer.
Adult ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Continental Population Groups ; Disease-Free Survival ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Menarche ; Prognosis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Survival Rate

This study was performed to analyze retrospectively outcomes of stimulated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles where the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist was omitted on ovulation triggering day. A total of 92 consecutive IVF cycles were included in 65 women who are undergoing ovarian stimulation with recombinant FSH. A GnRH antagonist, cetrorelix 0.25 mg/day, was started when leading follicle reached 14 mm in diameter until the day of hCG administration (Group A, 66 cycles) or until the day before hCG administration (Group B, 26 cycles). The duration of ovarian stimulation, total dose of gonadotropins, serum estradiol levels on hCG administration day, and the number of oocytes retrieved were not significantly different between the two groups. The total dose of GnRH antagonist was significantly lower in Group B compared to Group A (2.7+/-0.8 vs. 3.2+/-0.9 ampoules). There was no premature luteinization in the subjects. The proportion of mature oocytes (71.4% vs. 61.7%) and fertilization rate of mature (86.3+/-19.7% vs. 71.8+/-31.7%) was significantly higher in Group B. There were no significant differences in embryo quality and clinical pregnancy rates. Our results suggest that cessation of the GnRH antagonist on the day of hCG administration during a flexible multiple-dose protocol could reduce the total dose of GnRH antagonist without compromising IVF results.
Adult ; Chorionic Gonadotropin/administration & dosage ; Drug Administration Schedule ; Estradiol/blood ; Female ; Fertilization in Vitro ; Follicle Stimulating Hormone/administration & dosage/blood ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Hormone Antagonists/*administration & dosage ; Humans ; Ovulation Induction/*methods ; Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use ; Retrospective Studies

PURPOSE: We evaluated the preoperative clinical factors that affect the surgical outcome of posterior urethral anastomosis (PUA) with a gracilis muscle flap (GMF) to determine which factors predict benefit from the use of the GMF. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of 49 patients who underwent a delayed PUA with a GMF. A successful clinical outcome was defined as achieving a peak urinary flow rate greater than 15 mL/s at 3 and 12 months postoperatively without evidence of stricture recurrence on a retrograde urethrogram or cystourethroscopy at 3 months postoperatively. Multiple clinical factors were evaluated by use of univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: The outcome of 21 of 49 patients (42.9%) was deemed successful. The mean age of the 49 patients was 37.2+/-13.5 years and the mean follow-up duration was 43.4+/-28.0 months. The length of the urethral defect was significantly shorter in patients with a successful outcome than in patients with an unsuccessful outcome (p=0.010). The outcome differed significantly depending on whether the patients had a previously successful urethroplasty (p=0.036) or whether they had suffered a pelvic bone injury (p=0.012). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that a previous urethroplasty was the only preoperative clinical factor that significantly affected the surgical outcome in PUA with a GMF (odds ratio, 0.218; 95% confidence interval, 0.050 to 0.947; p=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: A history of previous urethroplasty is a preoperative clinical factor that significantly affects the surgical outcome in PUA with a GMF; the procedure is more likely to be successful in patients who have not previously undergone urethroplasty.
Anastomosis, Surgical ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glia Maturation Factor ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Muscles ; Pelvic Bones ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies ; Surgical Flaps ; Urethral Stricture