Autophagy is an important pathway in the body to remove damaged cell organelles and dysfunctional proteins to maintain protein equilibrium and intracellular homeostasis by the lysosomal system .As a degenerative disease of central nervous system , the main feature of Alzheimer ’ s disease is abnormal protein aggregation .However , the role of autophagy in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer ’ s disease is not fully clear yet .The aim of this paper is to take β-amyloid peptide as a starting point to explore the relationship between autophagy and β-amyloid peptide in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease.

The heighten of the muscles tension is a familiar complication along with epigyny motoneuron's trauma. It's main manifestation is body spasm which badly affects the patients' daily life ability and the rehabilitation treatment. The measures of anti-convulsion are varied which include medicine, acupuncture, operation, electricity stimulates, and etc. But the problems such as the curative effect, the fee and the specialized technology limit application of those measures in clinic. Under the guidance of the modern rehabilitation theory, according to the scientific research design elements and method of the modern medicine research, combining the therapeutics of the traditional Chinese medicine and some modern rehabilitation technology, developing a sort of safe and effective integrative therapy method, which is a domain urgently needs to be exploited.

Objective To study the cell metabolism changes of hippocampal region in patients with vascular dementia (VD) after stroke by 1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS),and to observe the relationship between cell metabolism changes and clinical symptoms after donepezil hydrochloride treatment.Methods Enrolled 18 patients with VD after stroke,16 males and 2 females,with a mean age of (76.9±2.7) years,13 patients without VD after stroke,11 males and 2 females,with a mean age of (76.2±3.6) years and 14 health volunteers as control group,12 males and 2 females,with a mean age of (75.1+2.4) years.The mini-mental state examination (MMSE),activities of daily living (ADL) and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD) were used to assess the effects on cognitive function,ability of daily living and behavior symptoms.1 H-MRS examination of bilateral hippocampus was conducted in all subjects.Metabolisms of N-acetylaspartate (NAA),choline (Cho) and creatine (Cr) were examined and the ratios of NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr were calculated.The patients with VD were prescribed donepezil and given 1 H-MRS assessment half a year later.Results The patients with VD had a significantly lower NAA/Cr ratio in bilateral temporal hippocampus area than did health controls and the patients without VD (F=4.23,4.98,both P＜0.05),and a higher Cho/Cr ratio than did health controls and the patients without VD in left hippocampus (P＜0.05).The NAA/Cr and Cho/Cr ratios in patients without VD had no significant changes compared to health controls.There was a positive relationship between MMSE score and NAA/Cr ratio,and negative relationship between MMSE score and Cho/Cr ratio in the bilateral hippocampus area in patients with VD.After 6 months of treatment of donepezil hydrochloride,the MMSE and ADL scales significantly increased (both P＜0.05),and NAA/Cr ratio had no significant change in hippocampal region (t=-2.02,-2.04,both P＞0.05),whereas Cho/Cr had significant decrease (t=2.86,2.23,both P＜0.05).Conclusions The data suggest that the lower NAA/Cr ratio and higher Cho/Cr ratio in hippocampus area might be helpful in distinguishing VD and no-VD in patients with stroke.Donepezil improves general cognition function in patients with VD,which may be associated with regulating the cholinergic pathogenesis of VD in vivo and in vitro.

Objective:To investigate the expressions of peripheral lymph node addressin(PNAd)andGlcNAc-6-sulfotransferase(GlcNAc6ST)in endometrium and their impacts on implantation.Methods:PNAd expression in endometrium was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot from 75women(12 from healthy women,in proliferative phase;63 from sterile women,of whom,27 were inearly-secretory and 36 in mid-secretory phase).GlcNAc6ST mRNA was examined by real-time PCR in41 sterile women.The 63 sterile women had underwent ⅣF-ET and were consequently divided into clini-cal pregnant(29 cases)and nonpregnant(34 cases)groups.Results:(1)PNAd localized to the mem-brane and cytoplasm of luminal and glandular epithelia.Staining was patchy and much less intense duringthe proliferative phase than during the secretory phase.In Western Blot of PNAd,four bands appeared,which were Sgp200,CD34,MAdCAM-1,GlyCAM-1 respectively,and each was positively correlatedwith the others significantly.The former three molecular levels were significantly higher during the secre-tory phase as compared with the proliferative phase.Message RNA of GlcNAe6ST was positive in all ca-ses and showed no correlation with any component of PNAd.(2)The expressions of CD34 and GlyCAM-1,but not Sgp200 and MAdCAM-1,were significantly higher in pregnant women than in nonpregnantones.However,the GlcNAc6ST mRNA level did not differ between groups.(3)No significant differ-ence was found in female age,methods of fertilization,thickness of endometrium on day hCG,cumulativeembryo score(CES)and mean score of transferred embryo(MSTE)between the groups.Conclusion:PNAd expression in the human endometrium fluctuates with the menstrual cycle.Elevated CD34 and Gly-CAM-1 during the secretory phase might be stimulative factors for embryo implantation.Defect in PNAdexpression may account for a portion of unexplained infertility.

Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mycophenolic Acid ; adverse effects ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To analyze the prevalence of diabetes and its impact on the quality of life (QOL) among Jingpo ethinic residents in Yunnan province.Methods Questionnaire survey and fasting blood glucose (FBG) testing were conducted among 1367 Jingpo residents aged ≥ 35 years selected with random sampling method in Mangshi municipality of Dehong prefecture in Yunnan province.The Medical Outcome Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) was used in the survey.Results The prevalence rate of diabetes among the Jingpo residents was 4.1％,and 4.2％ for males,4.0％ for females.Among Jingpo diabetic patients,mean scores for the domains of physical functioning (PF),role physical (RP),bodily pain (BP),general health (GH),vitality (VT),social function (SF),role emotional (RE),mental health (MH),physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) were (84.64 ±16.81),(53.13 ±45.24),(71.70 ± 24.28),(49.46 ± 21.38),(65.09 ± 11.02),(90.08 ± 14.00),(79.17 ± 39.98),(70.29 ± 13.73),(57.12 ± 9.39) and (55.07 ± 6.58),respectively.The identified diabetic patients had significantly lower QOL scores for the doamins of PF,RP,BP and PCS than their counterparts,respectively (P＜0.05).The results of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that older Jingpo residents had lower scores in the domain of PCS and MCS (P＜0.01);men has lower scores in the domain of PCS and MCS than women (P＜0.01);the higher the level of education,the higher the scores of PCS and MCS (P＜0.01);married Jingpo residents had higher scores in domain of PCS than those of unmarried and divorced (P＜0.01);the diabetic patients had lower scores of PCS than their counterparts (P＜0.01).Conclusion It is necessary to strengthen the health education for the elderly and people with low level of education,and improve the management of patients with diabetes,so as to effectively improve the QOL of Jingpo ethnic minority residents.

OBJECTIVETo observe the effect of Draconis Sanguis-containing serum on the expressions of NGF, BDNF, CNTF, LNG-FR, TrkA, GDNF, GAP-43 and NF-H in Schwann cells, and investigate the possible mechanism of Draconis Sanguis to promote peripheral nerve regeneration.

METHODSD rats were randomly divided into 2 groups: the Draconis Sanguis group (orally administered with Draconis Sanguis-containing balm solution) and the blank group (equivoluminal balm) to prepare Draconis Sanguis-containing serum and blank control serum. Schwann cells were extracted from double sciatic nerves of three-day-old SD rats, divided into 2 groups: the Draconis Sanguis group and the blank control group, and respectively cultured with 10% Draconis Sanguis-containing serum or blank control serum. The mRNA expressions of NGF, BDNF, CNTF and other genes in Schwann cells were measured by RT-PCR analysis 48 hours later.

RESULTMost of the Schwann cells were bipolar spindle and arranged shoulder to shoulder or end to end under the microscope and identified to be positive with the immunocytochemical method. To compare with the blank group, mRNA expressions of NGF, LNGFR, GDNF and GAP-43 significantly increased (P < 0.01). Whereas that of BDNF decreased significantly (P < 0.05), and so did that of TrkA, CNTF (P < 0.01), with no remarkable difference in NF-H-mRNA.

CONCLUSIONTraditional Chinese medicine Draconis Sanguis may show effect in nerve regeneration by up-regulating mRNA expressions of NGF, LNGFR, GDNF and GAP-43 and down-regulating mRNA expressions of TrkA, BDNF and CNTF.

Animals ; Arecaceae ; chemistry ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; pharmacology ; GAP-43 Protein ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression ; drug effects ; Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Male ; Nerve Growth Factor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Nerve Regeneration ; drug effects ; Neurofilament Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptor, trkA ; genetics ; metabolism ; Schwann Cells ; drug effects ; physiology ; Serum ; chemistry

Euphorbia kansui (EK) is a toxic herbal drug, and often used after vinegar-processing to reduce its toxicity. In present study, a 1H-NMR based metabonomic approach was used to evaluate the detoxification effect of vinegar-processed EK. The water extracts of EK and VEK were administered orally to male SD rats at doses of 9 g x kg(-1) x d(-1) for 1 week, respectively, and one more week observation was further conducted. The control group was orally given with saline. Histopathological studies of liver samples on the 8th and 15th day were conducted, and the metabolites of rat urine and liver were analysed by 1H-NMR. Histopathological studies of liver samples from EK and VEK treated rats showed no negative impacts. In metabonomic analyses of urines, changes of metabolites indicated liver damages, kidney lesions and imbalance of gut microbes in the second week. VEK-treated rats showed a quite lower toxicity compared with EK-treated ones. The present study revealed that the metabonomic approach might be helpful for the evaluation of toxicity of EK and detoxic effect of VEK.
Acetic Acid ; chemistry ; Animals ; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; pharmacokinetics ; toxicity ; Euphorbia ; chemistry ; Inactivation, Metabolic ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Male ; Metabolomics ; methods ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Urinalysis

Adolescent ; Amiodarone ; therapeutic use ; Anti-Arrhythmia Agents ; therapeutic use ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Emergency Medical Services ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Prognosis ; Tachycardia, Ventricular ; complications ; pathology ; therapy ; Treatment Outcome

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of auscultation, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in end-expiration (PETCO2), transillumination technique to judge whether the endotracheal tube is misplaced into the esophagus. Methods A blinded randomized controlled trial was conducted. Sixty patients with American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) gradeⅠ-Ⅱundergoing endotracheal intubation in Fengxian Central Hospital admitted from September 2014 to February 2015 were enrolled. Two endotracheal tubes with the same size were respectively inserted into the trachea and esophagus for the same depth after general anesthesia by the same person. Two blinded anesthetists with different experience checked the tube position using three methods including auscultation, PETCO2, and transillumination technique, respectively. The order of the tubes tested (trachea or esophagus) and the method used were randomized according to randomise numbers table. The experienced anesthetists conducted the test first, followed by an inexperienced anesthetist conducting the same methods. The numbers of right and wrong determinations with different methods by different anesthetists were recorded.Results Sixty patients underwent the procedures for 180 times, with intratracheal intubation for 90 times, and esophageal intubation for 90 times. It was shown that the results were not different in two groups [96.7% (174/180) vs. 92.2% (166/180),χ2 = 3.500,P = 0.057]. By using auscultation, the correct rate of experienced anesthetist was higher than that of inexperienced (95.0% vs. 78.3%,χ2 = 5.786,P = 0.013). Using PETCO2, both anesthetists were correct in all cases, and the accuracy was 100%. Using transillumination, the experienced anesthetist was mistaken in 3 cases (accuracy was 95.0%), while the inexperienced mistook in 1 case (accuracy was 98.3%), and no significant difference was found between two groups (χ2 = 0.500,P = 0.250). The correct rate of using transilluminaion was significantly higher than that of using auscultation (χ2 = 7.563,P = 0.004). The sensitivity and specificity of the auscultation was 70.0% and 80.0%, that of transillumination technique was 96.7% and 93.3%,and PETCO2 was 100%, respectively, for two groups.ConclusionsPETCO2 is the most reliable method for determining tube position, and it is superior to auscultation and transilluminaion. Transillumintaion technique is superior to auscultation, irrespective of anesthetists' experience, while the accuracy of auscultation showed an obvious relationship with the anesthetists' experience.