No abstract available.
Humans ; Male ; Osteoporosis*

No abstract available.
Osteoporosis*

No abstract available.

The pharmacological therapy of cardiac arrhythmias is still challenging. As is well known, antiarrhythmic drugs have a narrow therapeutic-toxic window and can induce lethal proarrhythmia (antiarrhythmic drug-induced arrhythmia). The harmful effect of antiarrhythmic drug was proven by CAST and so many clinical trials. Thus we need strict indications for prescription and objective parameters for monitoring of the drug action and side effects. The cardiac arrhythmias are classified as ectopic beats, bradyarrhythmia, and tachyarrhythmia. The main target of antiarrhythmic drugs is tachyarrhythmia. The clinical role of antiarrhythmic drugs is the acute conversion of arrhythmia to sinus rhythm and the chronic suppression/prevention of tachycardia. The cardiac arrhythmia (arrhythmogenesis) occurs in harmony of 3 components, namely, substrate, precipitating (modulating) factors, and trigger. The acute modification of arrhythmogenic environment by drug may be efficient, but the chronic suppression of arrhythmia only by the drug may not be complete. Recently, the clinical role of chronic drug therapy is replaced by RFCA (in patients with SVT except atrial fibrillation) and ICD (VT/SCD). The antiarrhythmic drugs are usually classified into Class I (sodium channel blocker), Class II (beta-blocker), Class III (potassium channel blocker), Class IV (calcium channel blocker), and others (digoxin and adenosine), according to Vaughn-Williams suggestion. Nowadays, the clinical electrophysiologist reclassified the agents into calcium channel-dependent drug (Class II, IV, digoxin, and adenosine) and sodium/potassium channel-dependent drug (Class I and III). The drug is effective only when the concentration in blood or tissue is sufficient to modify the arrhythmogenic substrate. We need to know the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of antiarrhythmic drugs exactly. We can expect the blood concentration of a drug if we know the elimination half-life and the dosing schedule of the drug because most drugs (including antiarrhythmic agents) have the first-order (elimination) kinetic. For a new steady-state of drug concentration, we should wait for 3 to 4 times of the half-life after changing the dosage (prescription). Finally, the consideration and management of the underlying heart disease and precipitating/modulating factors are needed for the effective antiarrhythmic drug therapy.
Anti-Arrhythmia Agents ; Appointments and Schedules ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Bradycardia ; Calcium ; Digoxin ; Drug Therapy ; Half-Life ; Heart Diseases ; Humans ; Prescriptions ; Tachycardia

The aim of this study is to help understanding of the health behaviour of elderly and to promote the development of nursing intervention enhancing health behaviour. This study trys to accomplish this goal by narrating and comparing health behaviours of several age groups and investigating related factors of health behaviour. Concrete Objects are as follows : first, to investigate whether elderly do active health behaviour, and what is the content of health behaviour. Second, to compare factors influencing health behaviour of each group. Subjects are 409 adult community residents. A group(20~39) are 123. B group(40~59) are 117. C group(60~) are 169. The results of this study are as belows. 1. The health state of elderly(C) is worse than other age groups. Health fear and health concern of C is less than A and B. But the rate of practicing health behaviour of C is higher than A and B. 2. The question of what is the most important health factor ; (1) [Regular life and diet] is considered the most important by all age groups(A-30.1%, B-27.4%, C-40.7%). Next is [exercise and rest]. And all age groups thnk that [happy mind] is among health factors. (2) [Frequent outgoing](5.7%), [hard working], [economic stability], [disease control] is also mentioned by elderly. 3. Ill-health behaviour : [smoking], [drinking], [stress], [irregular life and diet] are mentioned by all age groups. Elderly considers [confining at home](7.0%), [having nothing to do](5.6%), [motionless lying] as Ill-health behaviour. 4. The rate of practicing health behaviour : A is 73.2%, B is 74.4%, and C is 78.1%. Health behaviour is mainly made up of the items reflecting physical health concept. 5. The rate of peopl eating food or medicine in last 6 months to promote health : A is 30.3%, B is 45.4%, and C is 54.2%. 6. (1) The rate of health fear is highest at B(80.3%). (2) [Disease contract and worsening] is first item of health fear. A and B mention [can't live healthy], [declining of physical strength], [being fatty], [smoking], [stress], [loss of mobility]. C mention [loss of mobility], [deterioration of vision and hearing], [declining of cognitive function]. (3) The reasons of health fear are [maintenance of living], [cases of other people], [hardship of children] (A and B group), [confining of activity], [hardship of children] (C). 7. [Sex(p=.05)], [health concern(p=.04)] are significant variables in health behavior in all respondents. But they are different among each age groups. [Economic activity(p=.02)], [health concern(p=.05)] (B group), [education level(p=.05)], [having disease or not(p=.05)] (C group) are significant variables. In B group, [the more educated(p=.8)], [the healthier(p=.03)] and [having person to discuss with(p=.05)] were more concerned about health. This study shows the necessity of another detail study to compare health concept and behavior of different age groups, and the variables affecting health behavior. And it is suggested that the results of the study may be applied in planning health program, and in promoting participation of community residents in the program.
Adult* ; Aged* ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Eating ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Nursing

No abstract available.

No abstract available.
Depression* ; Moclobemide*

No abstract available.
Depression* ; Female ; Humans

No abstract available.
Democratic People's Republic of Korea* ; Health Services*

In the previous review, the physical aspect of heavy particles, with a focus on the carbon beam was introduced. Particle beam therapy has many potential advantages for cancer treatment without increasing severe side effects in normal tissue, these kinds of radiation have different biologic characteristics and have advantages over using conventional photon beam radiation during treatment. The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is used for many biological, clinical endpoints among different radiation types and is the only convenient way to transfer the clinical experience in radiotherapy with photons to another type of radiation therapy. However, the RBE varies dependent on the energy of the beam, the fractionation, cell types, oxygenation status, and the biological endpoint studied. Thus this review describes the concerns about RBE related to particle beam to increase interests of the Korean radiation oncologists' society.
Carbon ; Cell Fractionation ; Oxygen ; Photons ; Population Characteristics ; Protons ; Relative Biological Effectiveness