The effects and roles of social support and stressors (stressful life events and chronic strains) on psychosocial distress were examined in a model with data from a sample of the white-collar workers (N = 416) in Korea. The findings of this study present that mean levels of psychosocial distress were higher' in the female, youth, unmarried and divorced, and low economic status (monthly income). The analysis also shows that, as expected, stressful life and chronic strains as stressors are positively related to occurrence of psychosocial distress, and social support is negatively related to psychosocial distress. Further, the contribution of social support to predicting psychosocial distress is greater in magnitude than that of stressful events, chronic strains, and sociodemographic variables. There is no evidence that social support buffers the impacts of stressors on psychosocial distress, rather social support takes a role of main or direct effects on psychosocial distress. Therefore, the strength of the social support is an important and meaningful strategy to prevent from stress and mental, physical illness.
Adolescent ; Buffers ; Divorce ; Female ; Humans ; Korea ; Life Change Events ; Single Person

The effects of multiple exposures to pesticides on plasma cholinesterase(ChE) activities and urinary p-nitrophenol excretion were evaluated in rats. Rats were received single dose i.p. with LD50/100(mg/kg) of organophosphorous(OP), organophosphorous-organochroline(OP-OC), organophosphorous-carbamate(OP-CAB), organophosphorous-organoarsenate(OP-OA) pesticides for 4 consecutive days. In repeated administration of pesticides, plasma ChE activities were decreased, but urinary p-nitrophenol were increased after the first injection and then decreased gradually. The recovery rates of ChE activities and p-nitrophenol excretion at 48 hours after the fourth infection were delayed in comparison with the baseline value of 24 hours before the first injection. Statistical significances were found between OP and other groups except OP-OA group after the second injection in plasma ChE activities, but in urinary p-nitrophenol excretion there was statistical significance only between OP and OP-CAB.
Animals ; Cholinesterases* ; Pesticides* ; Plasma* ; Rats*

PURPOSE: To identify clinical characteristics and preoperative factors that influence the surgical results of an intermittent exotropia patient who underwent lateral rectus recession after the age of 10 years. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed based on the medical records of 45 patients who underwent unilateral lateral rectus recession or bilateral lateral rectus recession for intermittent exotropia after the age of 10 years and who had undergone at least three months of postoperative follow-up. The authors investigated the clinical characteristics and factors associated with surgical success according to gender, age at surgery, fusion ability, preoperative angle of deviation, preoperative difference between near and far angles of deviation, vertical deviation, spherical equivalent of refractive error, Randot stereo test and postoperative angle of deviation at one week, one month, and three months. The postoperative deviation change according to the time between groups who underwent surgery before and after 10 years of age for intermittent exotropia was also compared. RESULTS: Surgical success was defined as a final deviation of less than 10 prism diopters. Patients without vertical deviation had a better surgical outcome than did patients with vertical deviation (p=0.022). There was no significant difference in the postoperative deviation changes between groups who underwent surgery for intermittent exotropia before 10 years and after 10 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: Among the many preoperative influencing factors, vertical deviation showed a significant difference in postoperative improvement after intermittent exotropia surgery undergone after the age of 10 years. There was no difference in the aspects of surgical success between surgeries for intermittent exotropia before and after the age of 10 years.
Exotropia ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Medical Records ; Refractive Errors ; Retrospective Studies

Pneumocystis carinii is a pulmonary pathogen of immunocompromised humans or other mammals. Its infection results from activation of organisms involved in latent infection or from new infection through the air. Almost all children are known to be infected within 2 to 4 years of birth, though prenatal transplacental transmission has not yet been demonstrated. In this study we observed experimental P. carinii infection in neonatal rats, thus investigating the possibility of transplacental vertical transmission by Diff-Quik staining of the lung impression smears and in-situ hybridization for lung sections. The positive rate of P. carinii infection in immunosuppressed maternal rats was 100%, but that in normal maternal rats was 0%. Cystic forms of P. carinii were observed in three of six 1-week old neonatal rats born of heavily infected mothers, but none of them was positive by in-situ hybridization. Five weeks after birth, cystic forms were detected in four neonatal rats. In the lobes of the lungs, no predilection site of P. carinii was recognized. Counts of cystic forms on smears and the reactivity of in-situ hybridization in the lungs of neonatal rats were significantly lower than in maternal rats. The present findings suggest that P. carinii is rarely transmitted through the placenta and proliferates less successfully in the lungs of neonatal rats than in mothers.
Animal ; Animals, Newborn/microbiology* ; Disease Transmission, Vertical* ; Female ; Immunocompromised Host ; Lung/microbiology ; Male ; Opportunistic Infections/transmission* ; Opportunistic Infections/complications ; Pneumocystis carinii/isolation & purification ; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii/transmission* ; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis carinii/complications ; Pregnancy ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

High output heart failure due to congenital arteriovenous fistula is a rare disease and is difficult to treat. A 27 year old man, suffering from dyspnea, palpitation, lower extremity edema, and abdominal distension admitted May, 1987. At admission there were continuous thrill and bruit at left supraclavicular and infraclavicular area. The heart sound was irregular and rapid, and grade IV/VI pansystolic murmur was audible at the apex. Chest PA showed marked cardiomegaly with pleural effusion and notching at superior aspect of left 2nd rib. Selective left subclavian artery angiogram showed extensive congenital arteriovenous fistula at the area of left subclavian artery and its branches. After setrial feeding artery embolization and palliative operation, the fistula size decreased much with clinical improvement.
Adult ; Arteries ; Arteriovenous Fistula* ; Cardiomegaly ; Dyspnea ; Edema ; Fistula ; Heart Failure ; Heart Sounds ; Humans ; Lower Extremity ; Pleural Effusion ; Rare Diseases ; Ribs* ; Subclavian Artery* ; Thorax

PURPOSE: Corneal bee sting is a relatively rare injury. The authors report the significant endothelial changes despite complete resolution of corneal injury after a corneal bee sting. CASE SUMMARY: Two males, ages 55 and 30, presented to our clinic for unilateral decreased visual acuity and eyeball pain after bee sting injuries. At the first visit, localized corneal stromal edema and epithelial defect were detected. One week after medical treatments, both patients achieved restoration of vision and resolution of corneal injury. In one patient, specular microscopy of the traumatized eye at one and five months showed a significant decrease in endothelial densities as compared with the contralateral eye. CONCLUSIONS: Corneal bee sting may cause significant endothelial changes despite complete resolution of clinical symptoms and injury. Specular microscopy should be considered in future intraocular surgeries.
Bees ; Bites and Stings ; Cornea ; Edema ; Endothelial Cells ; Eye ; Humans ; Male ; Microscopy ; Vision, Ocular ; Visual Acuity

This study was conducted to understand health status by general characteristic, and to find out relationship between social support and worker's health status. Health status was measured using SF-36(Medical Outcome Study Short Form 36), a 36 item self administered Instrument. The finding of this study were as follow; Mean scores of health status by sex were higher in male. The younger worker reported good health on physical functioning and role limitation-physical than did the older worker, but the older worker reported good health on social functioning and mental health. Mean scores of health status were higher in high income and white worker. When the relationship between social support and health status, social functioning, role limitation-emotion, mental health, vitality, general health were significantly related. Therefore we reviewed the evidence that socio-economic condition are associated with health status in this study, and that the strength of the social support was a important to maintain health.
Humans ; Male ; Mental Health ; Outcome Assessment (Health Care)

Information on work stress and mental health status of industrial workers was required for optimum staffing and health care management. This study dealt with the relationship between mental health status examined by PSI(psychiatric symptom index) and socio-demographic variables. Especially this study attempted to find relevant determinants of the stress and mental health through multiple stepwise regression analysis based on data obtained from 687 occupational workers. The findings of this study were as follows; Mean scores of symptom dimension were higher in youth, female, more educated, unmarried and divorced, and workers in the noisy condition and short duration in job. And it showed high scores in long duration in job for anxiety; college educated for anger; unmarried for cognitive disturbance. The factors affecting the mean scores of psychiatric symptom index were varied according to the types of symptom; age, sex and duration in job for anxiety; age, sex, living with parent, education and marital status for anger; sex and marital status for depression; noisy condition and sex for cognitive disorder.
Adolescent ; Anger ; Anxiety ; Delivery of Health Care ; Depression ; Divorce ; Education ; Female ; Humans ; Marital Status ; Mental Health* ; Parents ; Single Person

Os subfibulare is a accessory bone arround the lateral maleolus, but it is different from many other accessory bones in foot and ankle in its development related to trauma and frequent symptoms of ankle instability. Accessory bone is a developmental anomaly which fails to unite to main secondary ossification center and usually asymptomatic. But os subfibulare is developed by recurrent ankle sprains in younger age or non-union of avulsion fracture of anterior talofibular ligament and causes instability of ankle. We experienced two cases of symptomatic os subfibulare in adolecents and report them with review of literatures.
Ankle ; Ankle Injuries ; Foot ; Ligaments

Tarsometatarsal injury has not been paid much attention due to it is unusual frequency. But the cases of tarsometatarsal injuries are on the increase in proportion to the increasing "high energy trauma injury" resulted from the traffic and industrial accidents. The purpose of this study is both assessing the relative effects among clinical results, final radiologic findings, treatment results and symtoms. In view of the results so far achieved from 20 cases of tarsometatarsal fracture dislocation which had been treated at Sung-Ae general hospital from January 1990 to December 1993, the results were as follows: 1. Thirteen cases were treated by open reduction and 3 cases were treated by closed reduction with smooth pins but no reduction loss were experienced. 2. Traumatic arthrosis could be observed in 14 cases but there were no influences on the functional end results. 3. Anatomical results correlated with pain. 4. Anatomical or neraly anatomical reduction was considered as most important factor of prognosis.
Accidents, Occupational ; Dislocations ; Hospitals, General ; Prognosis