No abstract available.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature* ; Nephroma, Mesoblastic* ; Ultrasonography, Prenatal*

No abstract available.
Breast Feeding* ; Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Case-Control Studies* ; Female ; Humans ; Korea*

No abstract available.
Humans* ; Interleukin-10*

No abstract available.
Stomach Neoplasms*

No abstract available.
Extremities* ; Sarcoma*

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has wide spread to aviation. This study was conducted to find out the perception of flight training for student pilots in the flight training center in a university with COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: It analyzed through qualitative research by aviation subject matter experts in Korea. Results: The advantages of COVID-19 were the increased flight training opportunities due to significant decrease of aircraft operations in the airports, reduced ground school hours due to Social Distancing concerns of infection, difficulty in communication due to wearing masks, difficulty in purchasing parts for the maintenance, deterioration of skills due to reduced face to face class hours, and laxity in lifestyle were found. Conclusion It was analyzed that the longer the corona pandemic, the lower the motivation of students due to uncertainty in the job market.

The human factors become the most important factor in aviation safety. In order to prevent accident, pilots should manage errors in the cockpit. International Civil Aviation Authority (ICAO) recommends airlines to implement line operation safety audit (LOSA) to identify the management of errors by pilots and understand real errors and the competencies. The LOSA may provide metrics of the prevalence of errors by each types and rate of trapping errors to management enhancing errors. Airlines may understand how crew respond and manage errors. The operator may enhance safety once they identify errors and train crew how they manage to reduce the most mismanagement errors. This study is to provide operators eight recommendations on how to enhance errors and LOSA understanding human errors collected through LOSA and enhancing the implementation of LOSA with guidance according to ICAO and Federal Aviation Administration.

The fatigue of pilots is the most threatening factor in aviation safety internationally, requiring continuous management. In order to prevent aircraft accidents that may occur due to fatigue, this paper analyzes fatigue-related accident cases and previous research and suggests ways to improve the fatigue management of pilots. Problems in major fatigue accidents were active communication failure, lack of leadership of the captain, inadequate contingency management, lack of workload management, and the most important factors in accidents were inadequate decision making of continuing an approach without going around. It is necessary to proactively improve and establish go-around culture in the organization and manage human factors with training and procedures of Threat and Error Management and Crew Resource Management. In order to fundamentally prevent accidents related to fatigue fundamentally, it is necessary to establish Fatigue Risk Management and Safety Management System, and identify the actual threats and errors in the cockpit of the aircraft.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand the air traffic control (ATC) threats that cause airline pilots to commit errors during normal operations by identifying the prevalence of ATC threats to reduce ATC communication errors for safe flights. This study deals with ATC communication threats effect on the human performance of pilots through LOSA (line operations safety audit) implemented by Airlines. Methods: This study deals with ATC communication threats effect on the human performance of pilots through LOSA implemented by two domestic Airlines. Results: The prevalence of ATC threats shows that there are 60% of flights with at least one ATC-related threat. The frequent ATC threats have been identified as difficulties in understanding controller accents, changes of the runway, errors by ATC controllers, difficult clearance of altitude change and multiple clearances in one call. The most prevailing ATC threats occurred during the Descend, Approach & Land phase of the flight. Conclusion In order to prevent accidents related with ATC and improve threats and human errors in the actual environment of pilots, it is necessary to identify and analyze the actual threats and errors in the cockpit regarding ATC. It is required to improve the management of ATC threats proactively. According to LOSA result, ATC threats are a frequent threat to pilots, and the most frequent type of ATC for pilots is difficult Accent or language to understand controller. These findings could be trained in the simulators and cockpit in a similar environment and workload as in actual flight for effective countermeasures.