Surgical results of 59 patients with constant exodeviation having at least 2 months of follow-up were reviewed. Fifty nine cases of constant exodeviation were classified by fixation patterns into alternating exotropia 38 cases and monocular exotropia 21 cases. The final surgical results and success rates were compared between the 2 groups and were analyzed according to the length of postoperative follow-up period. The surgical results were as follows: in alternating exotropia, 63.2% was satisfactory, 28.9% undercorrected and 7.9% overcorrected, in monocular exotropia, 85.7% was satisfactory, 9.5% undercorrected and 4.8% overcorrected. The mean follow-up period was 5.3 months in alternating exotropia and 5.9 months in monocular exotropia. Final surgical results were not affected by the length of postoperative follow-up period in alternating exotropia. However, in monocular exotropia, there was a strong tendency to become exotropic with a long term follow-up period(2-17 months). We suggest that the fixation patterns could have an influence on postoperative stability in exodeviation.
Exotropia* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans

No abstract available.

Surgical results of 59 patients with constant exodeviation having at least 2 months of follow-up were reviewed. Fifty nine cases of constant exodeviation were classified by fixation patterns into alternating exotropia 38 cases and monocular exotropia 21 cases The final surgical results and success rates were compared between the 2 groups and were analyzed according to the length of postoperative follow-up period. The surgical results were as follows: in alternating exotropia, 63.2% was satisfactory, 28.9% undercorrected and 7.9% overcorrected, in monocular exotropia, 85.7% was satisfactory, 9.5% undercorrected and 4.8% overcorrected. The mean follow-up period was 5.3 months in alternating exotropia and 5.9 months in monocular exotropia. Final surgical results were not affected by the length of postoperative follow-up period in alternating exotropia. However, in monocular exotropia, there was a strong tendency to become exotropic with a long term follow-up period (2-17 months). We suggest that the fixation patterns could have an influence on postoperative stability in exodeviation.
Exotropia* ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans

No abstract available.
Allografts* ; Cyclosporine* ; Graft Survival* ; Transplants*

No abstract available.
Allografts* ; Cyclosporine* ; Graft Survival* ; Transplants*

BACKGROUND: The orthostatic hypotension in response to the assumption of an upright posture is regulated by activation of sympathetic nerves. Role of the vestibular system and neural pathway on orthostatic hypotension were investigated. METHODS: Changes of arterial blood pressure produced by head-up tilting, rotatory stimulation of the vestibular system, or electrical stimulation to the vestibular nerve, vestibular nuclei, and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were measured in Sprague-Dawley rats. Also, field potentials were recorded in the vestibular nuclei and RVLM and c-Fos expression was evaluated in the brain stem in order to investigate the vestibulosympathetic pathways. RESULTS: The three phasic blood pressure responses were elicited by head-up tilting: initial fall, early recovery, and late sustained pressure at near control levels, the magnitude of the pressure fall was parallel with the degree of head-up tilting in normal rats. Return position from head-up tilting recovered control level of blood pressure after a brief rapid elevation. However, bilateral labyrinthectomy resulted in exaggerated initial falling and devoid of early recovery phase during postural change. Sinusoidal rotation about off-vertical axis of the vestibular system elicited more elevation of blood pressure than rotation about earth vertical axis. Electrical stimulation of the vestibular nerve, vestibular nucleus, and RVLM produced elevation of blood pressure, which was the most prominent by stimulation of RVLM. Field potentials composed of P, N1, N2 waves in the vestibular nuclei were recorded by stimulation of the vestibular nerve, while weak potentials in RVLM were recorded by stimulation of the vestibular nuclei. An electrical stimulation of the vestibular nuclei expressed c-Fos immunoreactive cells in RVLM. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the otolith organ of the vestibular system plays a major role in control of orthostatic hypotension, and the pathway of vestibulosympathetic reflex in control of blood pressure involves the vestibular nuclei, RVLM, intermed-iolateral nuclei of the thoracic spinal cord.
Animals ; Arterial Pressure ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Blood Pressure ; Brain Stem ; Electric Stimulation ; Hypotension, Orthostatic* ; Neural Pathways ; Otolithic Membrane ; Posture ; Rats* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reflex* ; Spinal Cord ; Vestibular Nerve ; Vestibular Nuclei

BACKGROUND: Recent studies suggest the hypothesis that blockade of nociceptive input with local anesthetics before surgery can decrease pain beyond the immediate postoperative period. The purpose of this study was to determine if the preincisional infiltration with local anesthetics affected postoperative pain relief. METHOD: Among 30 patients having tonsillectomy, 15 patients(group 1) given peritonsillar infiltration using lidocaine with epinephrine(1 : 200,000) were compared with 15 patients(group 2)given peritonsillar infiltration using saline with epinephrine(1 : 200,000). Following general anesthesia with a mixture of O2-N2O(50%) and enflurane(1-2vol.%), peritonsillar infiltration were performed 5 minutes before surgery. Constant incisional pain and pain on swallowing were assessed using a visual analogue scale at 4 hour, 1, 2, 3 and 4 days postoperatively. The time to emergence and behaviour of patient at 0.5, 1 and 4 hour were recorded postoperatively. RESULT: Preincisional infiltration with lidocaine resulted in a significant decrease in postoperative pain during 4 days after surgery and smoother emergence. CONCLUSION: There were significant difference in pain scores between lidocaine group and saline group during 4 days after surgery. Preincisional lidocaine infiltration seemed to have analgesic activity beyond the residual anesthetic period. The results of this study support the theory of pre-emptive analgesia.
Analgesia ; Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics ; Anesthetics, Local ; Child* ; Deglutition ; Humans ; Lidocaine* ; Pain, Postoperative ; Postoperative Period ; Tonsillectomy

The term congenital anomalies here refers to structural defect (congenital malformations, deformations, disruptions and dysplasias), chromosomal abnormalities, inborn errors of metabolism and hereditary disease. The prevalence of major congenital malformation (i.e., defects either incompatible with life or severe enough to interfere with normal living) is about 2% to 3%. In the past, infection was one of the major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, but owing to the development of antibiotics and intensive care, congenital anomalies are becoming a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Perinatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies is becoming more important because appropriate perinatal care may minimize the effect of congenital anomalies. This report was based on the 234 cases of the congenital anomalies among 8,099 newborns delivered at Dankook University Hospital from Mar. 1st, 1995 to Feb. 28th, 2000. The analyzed results were as follows: 1. The overall incidence of the congenital anomalies was 2.9%. The incidence of congenital anomalies in male newborns (141, 60.2%) was statistically significantly higher than that of female (90, 38.5%) and ambiguous (3, 1.3%). 2. The incidence of the congenital anomalies of 21-25 year old maternal age was the lowest among each other age group. The incidence of this group was 1.6%, of less than 20 year old group was 2.7%, of over 35 year old group was 2.9%. But there was no statistically significant difference among each maternal age groups. 3. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidences of congenital anomalies between parity. 4. The incidence of low-birth weight less than 2,500 g in congenital anomalies was 9.2%, which was 5.1 times higher than that of the more than 2,500 g. 5. The incidence of vertex presentation in congenital anomalies (192, 82.1%) was very high compared to breech presentation (42, 17.9%). 6. In the method of deliveries, vaginal deliveries was 131 cases (56.0%) and cesarean section was 103 cases (44.0%). 7. The incidence of the congenital anomalies in stillbirth was 28.4%, which was 13 times higher than that of the live birth. 8. The perinatal mortality rate in congenital anomalies were 93 cases (39.7%) and stillbirths were 62 cases (28.4%). 9. When classified according to the type of congenital anomalies, the rate of the incidence was 13.3% (31 cases) in central nervous system, 9.4% (22 cases) in neck and face anomaly, 6.8% (16 cases) in cardiac anomaly, 1.3% (3 cases)in pulmonary anomaly, 5.5% (13 cases) in gastrointestinal anomaly, 13.7% (32 cases) in genitourinary anomaly, 18.4% (43 cases) in musculoskeletal anomaly, 9.0% (21 cases) in skin and soft tissue anomaly, 14.1% (33 cases) in multiple anomaly and 5.5% (13 cases) in chromosomal anomaly. The most common major congenital anomalies was hydrocephalus (14 cases, 5.9%) and polycystic kidney (14 cases, 5.9%). The rate of perinatal mortality of the congenital anomalies was 38.5%, particularly it was the highest in the CNS anomalies which were 89.7%, the next 50.0% in cardiopulmonary anomalies.
Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Breech Presentation ; Central Nervous System ; Cesarean Section ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Incidence ; Infant, Newborn ; Critical Care ; Live Birth ; Male ; Maternal Age ; Metabolism, Inborn Errors ; Mortality ; Neck ; Parity ; Perinatal Care ; Perinatal Mortality ; Polycystic Kidney Diseases ; Pregnancy ; Prevalence ; Skin ; Stillbirth ; Ultrasonography ; Young Adult

Endometriosis at the site of episiotomy scar following vaginal delivery and abdominal scar following cesarean section are rare conditions among the extrapelvic endometriosis implantation. We have experienced five cases of extrapelvic endometriosis : four cases at the site of abdominal scar following cesarean section, and one case at the site of episiotomy scar following vaginal delivery. We report the five cases with brief review of the concerned literature.
Cesarean Section* ; Cicatrix* ; Endometriosis* ; Episiotomy* ; Female ; Pregnancy

Endometriosis is a common gynecological entity and characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the normal location in the uterine cavity. Endometriosis has been reported mostly in the pelvic cavity but anywhere in the body such as umbilicus, appendix, bladder, cervix, pleural cavity, lung, rectum, vagina, vulva and round ligaments. The abdominal wall is one of the most common sites of extrapelvic endometriosis and usually develops in association with a prior surgical scar. However, endometriosis involving the scarless abdomen is rare. We experienced an unusual presentation of a woman with abdominal wall endometriosis in the absence of previous surgery associated with recurrent pneumothorax in menstrual cycle. We report this case with brief review of the literature.
Abdomen ; Abdominal Wall* ; Appendix ; Cervix Uteri ; Cicatrix ; Endometriosis* ; Female ; Humans ; Lung ; Menstrual Cycle ; Pleural Cavity ; Pneumothorax ; Rectum ; Round Ligament of Uterus ; Umbilicus ; Urinary Bladder ; Vagina ; Vulva