This study was designed for the evaluation of the mean proportions and range of individual difference of muscle fiber types in human Gastrocneminus, Soleus, Peroneus longus and Tibialis anterior muscles, respectively. Flash-frozen muscle sections obtained from 15 cadavers were stained for H&E, trichrome, PAS, regular & reversed myosin ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), acid phosphatase (Ac-Pase) and alkaline phosphatase (Alk-Pase). The results obtained were as follows. 1) Differentiation of muscle fiber types was not evident in H&E and trichrome stained specimen. Three types of muscle fibers were, however, evident in PAS-stained sections according to the degree of positivity in observed skeletal muscles. 2) Two fiber types (Types I and II) were only differentiated and the predominant muscle fiber type was type I by regular myosin ATPase reaction in Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Peroneus longus and Tibialis anterior muscles. 3) Three muscle fiber types (Type I, IIa and IIb) were, however, differentiated and the predominant muscle fiber type was type IIa, contrary to patterns of regular myosin ATPase in skeletal muscles except for Soleus muscle by reversed myosin ATPase stains. Only two muscle fiber types (Type I and II) and predominant type I fibers were shown in Soleus muscle. 4) SDH stains showed three types of muscle fiber except Soleus muscle. The mean proportions(%) of type 1 fibers were 48.0% in Gastrocnemius, 62.3% in Soleus, 40.8% in Peroneus longus, and 39.8% in Tibialis anterior muscles, respectively. 5) The mean proportions (%) of muscle fiber types in human skeletal muscles were markedly different, according to individuals and various enzyme histochemical stains. 6) The size of muscle fibers was relatevely small in type I fibers compared with type IIb. 7) Evaluation for the combination patterns of various enzyme histochemical activities showed that the common muscle fiber types (Type I, IIa and IIb) were markedly reduced in the mean proportions and unusual rare muscle fibers predominant. This predominance of unusual muscle fiber types and marked discrepancy in muscle fiber types between regular and reversed myosin ATPase seemed to be ascribed to decreased muscle enzyme activities following postmortem period.
Humans

No abstract available.
Clonidine* ; Depression* ; Growth Hormone* ; Humans ; Panic Disorder* ; Panic*

Urinary cytology has become an essential element in the diagnosis and management of transitional cell carcinoma(TCC) of the urinary tract. It has the advantage of being noninvasive, inexpensive, and easily accessible. Besides that it can even detect malignancy when unsuspected at cystoscopy. We report a retrospective review of urine cytology in the diagnosis of 83 TCC cases that underwent 295 cytologic evaluation. All patients had biopsy-proven TCC of the bladder, ureter and renal pelvis. The overall inci- dence of the positive cytology cases was 66.2%. To define the cytologic features of tumor cells, we tried to use three cytologic gradings such as "grade 1", "grade 2", and "grade 3" according to the cytologic degree of anaplastic neoplastic cells. These cytologic gades of TCC were relatively well correlated with the histologic grade and tumor invasiveness. This result suggests that the recognition of characteristic cellular features of TCC can suspect the histologic grade and tumor stage. The false negative TCC cases were 78.9%. They showed severe inflammatory or bloody background and a few neoplastic cells. Therefore, a cautious approach for accurate interpretation, personal experience, and proper fixation and processing could expand the role of urinary cytology.
Cystoscopy ; Diagnosis ; Humans ; Kidney Pelvis ; Nocturnal Enuresis* ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors* ; Thyroid Gland ; Ureter ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Tract

The ultrastructural changes of the chorioretina following the intravitreal injection of ornithine in rabbit eyes at 1,2,4,8 week time intervals were investigated employing electron microscopy in this animal experiment. 1. 1 week after injection, swelling of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of the pigment epithelium was seen. 2. 2 weeks after injection, phagosomes and phagolysosomes were present in the cytoplasm of the pigment epithelium and nerve elements in the inner nuclear layer disappeared and were replaced by Muller cell. 3. 4 weeks after injection, stroma of the choroid was atrophied and abundant melanocytes were aggregated, and papillary formed pigment epithelium with detachment of the retina was seen. 4. 8 weeks after injection, stromal atrophy and attenuated choriocapillaries of the choroid were present, and proliferation of the microvilli of the pigment epithelium after detachment of the retina was seen. 5. In summary intravitreal injection of ornithine in rabbits initially caused marked changes in the pigment epithelium with subsequent degeneration of the choroid and sensory retina.
Animal Experimentation ; Atrophy ; Choroid ; Cytoplasm ; Epithelium ; Intravitreal Injections ; Melanocytes ; Microscopy, Electron ; Microvilli ; Mitochondria ; Ornithine* ; Phagosomes ; Rabbits ; Retina

The introduction of beta-adrenergic blocking agents for the treatment of glaucoma was a major advance in the continued search for medications that effectively control the intraocular pressure with minimal side effect. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents block the aqueous pump of the ciliary epithelium resulting in decreased aqueous formation and drop in intraocular pressure. The fact that beta-adrenergic blocking agents had an affinity to intraocular tissues containing melanin granules has been reported. The purpose of this study is to know that mechanism of decrease of intraocular pressure and an affinity to melanin granules of the beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Two drops of 1% befunolol were instilled in the albino and pigmented rabbits, and the eyes were enucleated on 1, 2, 6 and 24 hours after instillation. These eyes were studied with electron microscopic examination. The results were as follows: 1. In the non-pigment epithelium of the ciliary body, mitochondria became swollen. 2. These changes appeared earlier and were more remarkable in albino rabbits than in pigmented ones. 3. In pigmented rabbits, these changes appeared slowly, but continued for longer duration and it seems to be due to affinity of beta-adrenergic blocking agents to the melanin pigment. 4. Swelling of mitochondria at the non-pigmented epithelium of the ciliary body after instillation of beta-adrenergic blocking agents seems to be the pharmacological mechanism of the drugs against aqueous formation in the ciliary body.
Adrenergic beta-Antagonists ; Ciliary Body ; Epithelium* ; Glaucoma ; Intraocular Pressure ; Melanins ; Mitochondria ; Rabbits

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow transplantation is increasingly common as a therapeutic modality. Large volume of bone marrow has been aspirated under general anesthesia and can cause hemodynamic instability and complications. The purpose of this study is to review the cases of bone marrow harvesting in healthy donors and to find the proper anesthetic management for this procedure. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 479 cases of bone marrow harvesting in healthy donor performed in Catholic University of Korea, St. Mary's hospital. RESULTS: Mean harvest volume was 1097.2 120.6 ml and duration of aspiration was 53.8 22.6 minutes. Aspirated harvesting volume was mainly replaced by blood products and crystalloid solutions. 55.7% of donors received homologous blood products and 74.5% of donors received autologous blood during the perioperative period. Mean hemoglobin concentration before harvesting was 12.3 1.8 gm/dL and there was no significant changes in hemoglobin concentrations after harvesting. The incidence of hypotension and tachycardia was 22.3 and 20.5%, respectively with higher incidence in the female group (p<0.05). The incidence of febrile reaction after harvesting was 15.5%. Average duration of admission for harvesting was 3.5 0.9 days and there were no life-threatening complications. CONCLUSION: We conclude that 479 cases of bone marrow harvesting were performed safely but we should consider to reduce the volume of homologous transfusion in healthy donors.
Anesthesia, General ; Bone Marrow Transplantation ; Bone Marrow* ; Female ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Hypotension ; Incidence ; Korea ; Medical Records ; Perioperative Period ; Retrospective Studies ; Tachycardia ; Tissue Donors*

BACKGROUND: The claudins are a family of transmembrane proteins associated with tight junctions and they are critical for maintaining cell-to-cell adhesion in sheets of epithelial cells. However, their role in the progression of cancer remains largely unexplored. The aims of this study were to evaluate the expression patterns of claudin-1 and -4 in benign lesions and invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) of the breast, and relationships between the expression of these markers and the clinicopathological characteristics in IDC patients. METHODS: We examined the claudin-1 and -4 protein expressions by performing immunohistochemical stainings in 54 benign lesions and 120 IDCs via the tissue microarray method. We evaluated the correlation between the expression of these markers and the clinicopathological characteristics of IDC. RESULTS: The expressions of claudin-1 (p=0.099) and -4 (p=0.000) were up-regulated in IDCs as compared with benign lesions. The claudin-1 expression correlated with the loss of estrogen receptor (p=0.036) and progesterone receptor (p=0.011). The claudin-4 expression correlated with lymph node metastasis (p=0.043), the nuclear grade (p=0.030), the histologic grade (p=0.007), and the loss of estrogen receptor (p=0.001) and progesterone receptor (p= 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that claudin-1 and -4 may play a significant role in the carcinogenesis of IDC of the breast and these may represent novel markers for this disease.
Breast* ; Carcinogenesis ; Carcinoma, Ductal* ; Claudin-1* ; Claudin-4 ; Claudins ; Epithelial Cells ; Estrogens ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lymph Nodes ; Neoplasm Metastasis ; Receptors, Progesterone ; Tight Junctions

Many investigators have shown that computer analysis of exercise induced ST segment changes in feasible and valid. This technique should make it possible to achieve uniformity of interpretation. Though myocardial ischemic response, arrhythmia, R wave amplitude and heart rate changes are documented by CASE exactly, blood pressure change, subjective and objective signs are assessed clinicall only. Therefore, both CASE and clinical analysis are demanded for the precise interpretation of GXT. Two hundred and ten patients, aged 22-68 y/o, were evaluated for comparative analysis between CASE and clinical assessment. The following results were obtained; 1) The sensitiivity of CASE to clinical analysis is 70.2%. 2) Among the 40 cases with ST segment-positive response, 24 cases(60%) had a less than 2mm ST depression and 16 cases(40%) had a more than 2mm ST depression. 3) Among the 40 cases with ST segment-positive response, 30 cases(75%) had a increased in R wave amplitude of 2.8mm in average, while among the 153 cases with GXT-negative response, 61 cases(39.9%) had R wave increase of 1.5mm in average. 4) Increment of systolic blood pressure per MET was 5.6 mmHg. There was no significant difference by age.
Arrhythmias, Cardiac ; Blood Pressure ; Depression ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Research Personnel

No abstract available.
Nursing Homes* ; Nursing* ; Nutritional Status*

We, at Department of Orthopedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Pusan National University, applied epiphyseal distraction as a method of limb lengthening, using unilateral one-plane pin fixator(ORTHOFIX) and bilateral multi-plane ring fixator(SEQUOIA) to three children with limb length discrepancies and angulation deformity due to injury of epiphyseal plate, and obtained following results. l. At first case, on whose distal femoral physis, bone bridge occupied about 20% of total epiphyseal plate and distributed mainly on the lateral side. At 10 days of distraction, epiphysiolysis occurred from the lateral side at first and angulation deformity was corrected. Epiphysiolysis on the medial side of physis appeared apparently after 60mm distraction. Bone lengthening of 4.2cm and correction of 25 valgus deformity were achieved after 72mm distraction for about 10 weeks. The percentage of increase in the initial length achieved was 11.67% and healing index was 27.86. 7 months later, loss of lengthening of 2.7cm was observed and it was considered that this was due to relatively short corticalization phase. 2. At second case, on whose distal tibial physis, bone bridge occupied about 40% of total epiphyseal plate and distributed on the medial side. At 10 days of distraction, epiphysiolysis occurred on the medial side of the epiphyseal plate, but not on the lateral side and instead of further lengthening, valgus deformity of the ankle appeared. It was thought that asymmetric distraction was attributed to the difference between the force applied on the medial side and that applied on the lateral side of the epiphyseal plate by unilateral one-plane pin fixation. 3. At third case, on whose distal tibial physis, bone bridge occupied about 75% of total epiphyseal plate. No epiphysiolysis occurred. there was a difficulty in observation of epiphysiolysis because ring fixator was overlapped with the epiphyseal plate on radiographs.
Ankle ; Bone Lengthening ; Busan ; Child ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Epiphyses, Slipped ; Extremities ; Growth Plate ; Humans ; Methods ; Orthopedics