Three-types of expandable metallic stents were constructed to evaluate the differences between the stents : one, formed in a cylindrical zigzag pattern with stainless steel wire (Gianturco stent), another, made by coating the Gianturco stent with silicone rubber(Silicone stent), the third, made by coating the Gianturco stent with 24 carat gold(God stent) for tissue acceptance. A total of 69 stents(each 23 stents of Glanturco, Silicone, and Gold stents) of 8-12 mm in diameter and 20 mm long were placed into normal abdominal aorta, inferior vena cava and iliac artery of nine adult dogs for 2 weeks to 11 months. It was more difficult to introcuce Silicone stent into an introducing sheath than Gianturco or Gold stent due to the thickness of silicone rubber, Four Gianturco stents and three Silicone stents showed migration but Gold stent did not. Luminal narrowing or occlusion was noted in 3 Silicone stents, in 2 Gianturco stents, and in 1 Gold stent. Neointimal proliferation over the stent wires was more rapid and even in God stent than Silicone or Gianturco stent. Although further study is needed, Gold stent seems to be better than Gianturco or Silicone stent as an endovascular graft material.
Adult ; Animals ; Aorta, Abdominal ; Dogs* ; Humans ; Iliac Artery ; Phenobarbital ; Silicon ; Silicone Elastomers ; Silicones ; Stainless Steel ; Stents* ; Transplants ; Vena Cava, Inferior

PURPOSE: Physical restraint may be more frequently done in the emergency departments (ED). The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency, method, and the complication of physical restraint use in an ED. METHOD: All restrained patients in the Chungnam National University Hospital ED were prospectively enrolled from April to December 2004. They were restrained on a bed in the supine position by using an elastic and a cotton band. A restraint checklist was completed by the emergency physician on all patients who were restrained in the ED. RESULT: One hundred thirty-six patients were restrained (0.56% of the total ED visits). The mean age was 55.4+/-18.9 years(range 4~95). Ninety-two patients(67.6%) were men. Most patients were restrained for confusion(53.7%) and agitation(40.4%), and the most patients(87.5%) were restrained for less than 24 hours. Thirty-seven patients (27.2%) had chemical restraint in addition to physical restraint. Medical records about restraint were absent in 86% of the cases. Four patients(2.9%) developed complications such as increased agitation(3) and untied restraint (1). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated low incidences of restraint-related complications and of documentation of restraint events, therapeutic manual for ED restraint is required.
Checklist ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Cross-Sectional Studies* ; Emergencies* ; Emergency Service, Hospital* ; Hospitals ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male ; Medical Records ; Prospective Studies ; Restraint, Physical* ; Supine Position