Laboratory animal industry forms an independent, comprehensive system responsible for the production, use and management of laboratory animals.Great advances have been made in this field in China over the more than thirty years of development.However, due to the great development and changes during this long time, there are also some issues which need to be amended and changed.To compare the concepts of experimental animals in China and developed countries such as USA.The key concepts on the laboratory animals are not well or clearly defined in the regulatory documents in China, which hinder the healthy development and effective regulation in this field, as well as the care and use of laboratory animals in research and education.In this article, we discuss the necessity of timely amendment and standardization of the key concepts and definitions related to laboratory animals, and the importance and impact of the key concepts on the development of animal industry in China.

Background Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) following cataract extracapsular extraction is a major cause of the reduction of visual acuity.Topical administration of eye drops is a research hotspot for the prevention of PCO.Objective This study was to evaluate the release of cyclosporine A-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (CyA-CS-NP) by ionic gelation in vitro and its feasibility of modification of the surface of polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lens (PMMA IOL) with CyA-CS-NP.Methods The CS-NP and CyA-CS-NP were prepared by ionic gelation of CS with sodium tripolyphosphate.The characteristics of CS-NP,such as the appearance and mean size,and drug entrapment efficient (EE),loading capacity (LC),and the drug release were studied ; the CyA content on the IOL surface was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The IOL surface modified with CyA-CS-NP was observed by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy technique (XPS),the changes of elements and chemical bond types between simple plasma processed IOL and CyA-CS-NP modified IOL were analyzed.The transmittance at the wavelength of 360-490 nm and refraction of IOL were detected using back focal length method and spectrophotometer,and the effective resolution of IOL was evaluated according to the instruction of ISO/CD 11979-2.Loops anti fatigue test of IOL referred to the criteria of ISO/CD 11979-3.Results The CS-NP and CyA-CS-NP showed monodisperse,uniform appearance similar to spherical shape with a mean size of (158±18) nm and (219±29) nm,respectively.The CyA-CS-NP had high CyA association efficiency and loading capacity (64.2％ and 7.6％).In vitro release study revealed a fast release on the first day followed by a increased drug release during an 11-day following up.The sustained release was approximately 46.6％ at day 1 and 77.7％ at day 12,respectively.The surface of IOLs with cling film was smooth without CS-NP;while the edge of IOLs appeared a layer of CyA-CS-NP after modification.XPS analysis displayed some elements such as phosphonium,CNH2 and O =CN that appeared on the modified surface,indicating that CyA-CS-NP existed on the surface of IOLs edge.The mean quality of CyA on three IOLs surface after modification was 171.88 μg.The diopter,distinguishing ability and transmittance of modified IOL were (16.64±0.23) D,(90.28 ± 0.25) ％ and (73.57 ±0.62) ％,and those of unmodified IOL were (16.62±0.29) D,(90.28±0.21) ％,(73.61±0.60)％,without significant differences between them (t =0.381,0.078,2.291,all at P ＞ 0.05).The antifatigue ability of loops complied with the criteria of ISO/CD 11979-3.Conclusions The optical property and antifatigue ability of loops of the edge-modified IOLs by CyA-CS-NP reach the normal standard and meet the requirement of clinic application.The edge-modified IOLs by CyA-CS-NP can be a delivery system for intraocular drug release.

AIM: To investigate the topography of the anterior surface of the human crystalline lens. ·METHODS: A Non-contact three-coodinate measuring system was utilized to scan the anterior surfaces of 8 human eye lenses in vitro. Acquired data were processed and computer models of the anterior lens surfaces were made using the program (Surfacer v 10.0). The to-pography of the anterior lens surfaces were established. Radii of curvature were measured at preset spots over the lens surfaces and two way analysis of variance was performed. The data were analysed to determine whether the radius of curvature varied systematically with the position on the lens surface from which the measurement was made. Lens surface asymmetric index (LSAI) was defined and calculated. The vertical and horizontal meridians of the modeled lens were calculated, and the best curve fit to any conic section was determined. ·RESULTS: The topography of the anterior lens surface indicated that the central zone (the central radius of curvature is (9.09±0.80)mm was steeper than that of the peripheral zone(17.05±2.20)mm. Two way analysis of variance of the radii of curvature at preset spots over the lens surfaces showed that the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05). Curve regression of radii of curvature at preset spots and their distances to the surface center revealed that the correlation of them was the third power function. LSAI increased steadily from the lens surface center(0.013±0.005) to the periphery(0.184± 0.065). The dots on the horizontal and vertical meridians were fit to four kinds of curves, and the determinate coefficient of hyperbola fit were the largest (0.9989-0.9999). ·CONCLUSION: The anterior lens surface is imperfectly rotational symmetric. Moreover, the nearer to the center, the more rotational symmetric it is. Radii of curvature increase nonlinearly from the surface center to the periphery. Anterior lens surface is typically hyperbolic.

Pancreatic portal hypertension (PPH),which accounts for about 5％ of extrahepatic portal hypertension cases,is mainly caused by pancreatic tumor,chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic ductal lithiasis.The pathogenesis and pathological characteristics of PPH are attributed to anatomical structure between splenic vein and pancreas.It is different from cirrhotic portal hypertension,PPH patients may present with less esophageal and gastric fundus varices,but more significant gastric body varices.The portal vein radiography is recognized as the golden standard for PPH diagnosis.There are two types of treatment modalities for PPH,symptomatic treatment and pathogenesis-based treatment.In clinically,we should take careful consideration into portal hypertension and primary disease,aim to resolve causes and manage complication concurrently.

Aquaporin (AQP)is a molecular weight of about 28 kD of the four polymer structure membrane channel protein. In mammals,there are 1 3 different AQP,expressed in different tissues and organs,regulating waterand glycerol and urea and other small molecules transmembrane transport of major proteins.AQP-1 is mainly expressed in the renal proximal tubule and Henle’s loop drop bronchiole epithelial cell apical membrane and basement membrane,is responsible for the reabsorption of renal tubular water molecules.The expression of AQP-1 can be changed when the kidney is damaged or damaged,so it is very important to study the mechanism of AQP-1 for understanding the pathogenesis of water metabolism and the treatment of clinical water metabolism.

Alzheimer’ s disease ( AD) is one of the most common dementia of neurodegenerative disorders, which results from the deposition of amyloid-beta ( Aβ) and there are no curative treatments for this disease at present.It had been proved that prion protein is the receptor for Aβand it plays a key role in the progress of AD with dual-side effects. Prion protein can not only transfer neurotoxicity to neurons but also protect them from neurotoxicity of Aβ.The polymor-phisms of prion protein encoding gene ( PRNP) affect the AD incubation period and clinical symptoms in humans and other animals.The discovery of PRNP mutational mouse fills the gaps of existing AD mouse models in this research area, which is potential for the studies of pathogenesis, new drugs design and testing aspects.The role and effects of prion protein in AD pathogenesis were summarized in this paper, furthermore, the discovery and utility of PRNP gene mutational mouse in research on AD and/or amyloid diseases were reviewed, and in order to provide some guidance for AD animal model study.

Objective To explore the accuracy rate of CO2 injection method and conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the staging diagnosis for stage Ⅰ carcinoma of endometrium.Methods Preoperative staging diagnosis for stage Ⅰ carcinoma of endometrium was done,and the method of injecting CO2 gas into the uterine lumen by catheter was applied for pelvic MRI scan in 38 cases of stage Ⅰ carcinoma of endometrium.The pathological staging result was treated as the gold standard to compare the accuracy rate of CO2 injection method with conventional scan method (43 cases).Results For conventional MRI scan group,the accuracy rate of staging diagnosis in stage Ⅰ carcinoma of endometrium was 81.3 ％ (35/43),including stage Ⅰ A 75.0 ％(6/8),stage Ⅰ B 83.9 ％(26/31),stage Ⅰ c 75.0 ％(3/4).For CO2 injection group,the accuracy rate was 89.4 ％(34/38),including stage Ⅰ A 85.7 ％(6/7),stage Ⅰ B 88.9 ％(16/18),stage Ⅰ c 84.6 ％ (12/13).There was a statistical difference between the accuracy rates of two methods (x2=7.81,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Compared with conventional scan method,the CO2 injection method with better simplicity,safety and application value,could be more accurate to determine the location of endometrial cancer and the degree of myometrial infiltration.

Rapeseed oil is one of the major raw materials for biodiesel production. The bottleneck of rapeseed oil-based biodiesel production at present is high cost of raw materials, which generally accounts for about 75% of total production cost. Current status and principal problems concerned in the production of biodiesel from rapeseed oil in China and other countries were introduced, based on which it was proposed to grow high-erucic acid rape in existing winter fallow fields and jointly produce biodiesel, erucic acid and its derivative products, and other highly valuable by-products such as glycerin and sterols from high-erucic acid rapeseed oil. The feasibility of this development strategy was analyzed in terms of product and market demand potential, economic benefits of enterprises, techniques and conditions of production, and source of raw materials. It was believed that the implementation of the strategy in China was of great significance in realizing rise and sustainable development of rapeseed oil-based biodiesel production, improving quality of biodiesel, promoting the development of biochemical engineering and many other industries, as well as in building a socialist new countryside.

AIM To investigate whether there is vasodilator nerve innervation in rat hind limb and what the nature of vasodilator nerve is. METHODS Wistar rats were treated with reserpine 1 mg?kg -1 ip at 24 h before experiment. The rats were pithed and the hind limb vascular bed was perfused with Krebs-Henseleite solution containing 1 mmol?L -1 phenylephrine at 2 ml?min -1 speed. The hind limb perfused pressure (HPP) as a main index was continuously recorded. Spinal cord electrical stimulation (SES) was repeatedly applied via an electrode at L 1～2 level of lumber vertebra. The various tool drugs were administered by iv or infusion by added to persusion solution. The data is expressed as decrease percentages of HPP increased by continuous infusion of phenylephrine. RESULTS HPP was increased from (5 7?1 5) to (21 6?3 7) kPa ( n =37) after phenylephrine perfusion. SES caused a fall of HPP in frequency dependent and voltage dependent manner. An optimum parameters of SES (10 Hz, 50 V and 1 msec) was selected to observe effects of various tool drugs on depressor response of HPP to SES. Tetrotodoxin (0 3 ?mol?L -1 ) abolished the effect completely. L NAME (10 ?mol?L -1 ), a NO synthase inhibitor, had no effect. Ganglion blocker arfonad (110 mg?kg -1 , iv, M R blocker atropine (10 ?mol?L -1 ), ? receptor blocker propranolol (1 ?mol?L -1 ) and P 1 receptor blocker aminophylline (10 ?mol?L -1 ) had also no effect. Glibenclamide (0 1 mmol?L -1 ), an ATP sensitive K + channel blocker, markedly abolished and slightly reversed the effect. CONCLUTION The nonadrenergic noncholinergic vasodilator nerve exists in rat hind limb and is not nitroxidergic or purinergic nerve. This nerve may be peptidergic nerve which releases some peptide such as CGRP and the major mechanism of vasodilatation probably activates the ATP sensitive K + channel.

Objective:To investigate the expression of c myc and cdc2 gene in iliac femoral arteries of rabbits fed with high cholesterol diet. Methods:Totally 24 New Zealand rabbits fed with high cholesterol and high lipid diet were chosen for the experiment. In treated groups,the iliac femoral arteries were dilated by balloon catheter in 2 week high lipid diet fed rabbits. After 6 8 weeks,angiography was performed to detect the stenosis in iliac femoral,and ballon dilation was carried out when stenosis beyond 50%. Expression of c myc and cdc2 mRNA (24 h following balloon dilation) and their proteins (2 weeks following balloon dilation) were measured by means of RT PCR and immunohistochemistry (GISS) methods. Results: Expressions of c myc,cdc2 mRNA and their proteins in dilated arteries were all increased 24 h and 2 weeks following balloon dilation. Immuno positive particles were mainly located at nuclei of SMC in neotima layer,and a little at cytoplasma. Conclusion: Expressions of c myc,cdc2 mRNA and their proteins are increased in arteries following angioplasty. It is indicated that c myc and cdc2 may play an important role in neointimal formation after angioplasty.