No abstract available.
Child ; Male ; Female ; Humans

Authors retrospectively analyzed ultrasonographic findings of 12 cases of breast carcinomas which were proven pathologically at Yeungnam University Hospital from March 1992 to August 1992. Classically, breast carcinomas were described as irregular and lobulated hypoechoic solid masses with inhomogeneous internal echoes and frequent attenuation of the sound beam. And other additional ultrasonographic findings were echogenic rim, disruptions of superficial layer, microcalcification, skin thickening and so on. In our studies, not all of these findings of breast carcinomas were found in each case, but most of these findings were noted. However, several studies have demonstrated considerable overlap in the ultrasonographic appearance of benign lesions and carcinoma. Thus, accurate sonographic determination of the type of solid mass is not possible with current ultrasonographic imaging techniques and criteria. For more accurate diagnosis of breast lesions, sonographic and other imaging techniques are interpreted together.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Diagnosis ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Ultrasonography

PURPOSE: To make objective standards of small intestinal mucosal changes in cow's milk-sensitive enteropathy (CMSE) we analyzed histological changes of endoscopic duodenal mucosa biopsy specimens from normal children and patients of CMSE. METHODS: We review the medical records of patients who had been admitted and diagnosed as CMSE by means of gastrofiberscopic duodenal mucosal biopsy following cow's milk challenge and withdrawal. Thirteen babies with CMSE, ranging from 14 days to 56 days of age, were studied. Five non-CMSE patients were used as control, ranging from 22 days to 72 days of age. The morphometric parameters under study were villous height, crypt zone depth, ratio of villous height to crypt zone depth, total mucosal thickness and length of surface epithelium by using H & E stained specimens under the drawing apparatus attached microscope. In addition, the numbers of lymphocytes in the epithelium and eosinophil cells in the lamina propria and epithelium were measured. RESULTS: In the duodenal mucosal biopsy specimens in CMSE we found partial and subtotal villous atrophy with an increased number of interepithelial lymphocytes. The mean villous height(135+/-59 micrometer), ratio of villous height to crypt zone depth (0.46+/-0.28), total mucosal thickness (499+/-56 micrometer), length of surface epithelium of small intestinal mucosa (889+/-231 micrometer) in CMSE was significantly decreased compared with the control (p<0.05). The mean crypt zone depth (311+/-65 micrometer) was significantly greater than the control (188+/-24 micrometer)(p<0.05). Infiltration of interepithelial lymphocytes (34.1+/-10.5) were significantly greater than the control (13.6+/-3.6)(p<0.05). The number of eosinophil cells in both lamina propria and epithelium was no significant differences between groups (p>0.05). The small intestinal mucosa in treated CMSE showed much improved enteropathy of villous height, crypt zone depth, interepithelial lymphocytes compared with the control as well as untreated CMSE. CONCLUSION: Quantitation of mucosal dimensions confirmed the presence of CMSE. It seems to be a limitation in the capacity of crypt cells to compensate for the loss of villous epithelium in CMSE. Specimens obtained by gastrofiberscopic duodenal mucosal biopsy were suitable for morphometric diagnosis of CMSE. Improvement of CMSE also can be confirmed histologically after the therapy of protein hydrolysate.
Atrophy ; Biopsy ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Eosinophils ; Epithelium ; Humans ; Intestinal Mucosa* ; Lymphocytes ; Medical Records ; Milk ; Mucous Membrane

Failure to thrive (FTT) is a term used to describe growth failure in infants and toddlers. The three categories of FTT are based on anthropometric measurements of weight, length, and head circumference for age. Type 1 FTT is the failure to gain weight due mainly to inadequate nutrition. Type 2 FTT is a clinical condition associated with short stature induced by endocrine or genetic factors. Type 3 FTT results from chromosome anomalies or central nervous system abnormalities. Pediatric endocrinologists may be involved in treating patients with short stature of type 2 FTT. Pediatric gastroenterologists may be interested in patients with malnutrition of type 1 FTT, and pediatric psychologists may play a major roll in treating those with non-organic FTT or feeding disorders. This review introduces a new paradigm of clinical approaches to FTT in infants and toddlers to emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary clinical approaches to FTT.
Central Nervous System ; Failure to Thrive ; Head ; Humans ; Infant ; Malnutrition

The etiology of small and fresh rectal bleeding in neonates who are not sick is usually unknown; the only known cause is food protein-induced proctocolitis (FPIPC). It has been recently reported that FPIPC is a rare cause of rectal bleeding in newborns, and most cases have been proved to be due to idiopathic neonatal transient colitis. A recommended strategy for diagnosing suspected FPIPC in neonates is as follows. During the early stage, the etiology of small and fresh rectal bleeding in an otherwise healthy newborn need not be studied through extensive investigations. In patients showing continued bleeding even after 4 days, sigmoidoscopy and rectal mucosal biopsy may be performed. Even if mucosal histological findings indicate a diagnosis of FPIPC, further oral food elimination and challenge tests must be performed sequentially to confirm FPIPC. Food elimination and challenge tests should be included in the diagnostic criteria of FPIPC.
Biopsy ; Colitis ; Diagnosis ; Dietary Proteins ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn* ; Proctocolitis* ; Sigmoidoscopy

No abstract available.
Infant, Newborn ; Jaundice, Neonatal* ; Radionuclide Imaging* ; Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin*

No abstract available.
Plasma Exchange* ; Plasma*

Chronic abdominal pain (CAP) in children and adolescents remains one of the pathogenetically ambiguous disorders and a great trouble to their caretakers as well as patients. Although the symptom does not usually lead to a crucial problem, the parents may be terribly worried, the child may be in distress, and the practitioner may be concerned about ordering tests to confirm a serious occult disease. Systemized diagnostic approaches are needed to overcome this unique difficulty. The presence of red flag symptoms or signs is a general indication to pursue diagnostic testing for organic etiologies of CAP on the basis of specific symptoms in an individual case. Functional abdominal pain can be normally diagnosed when there are no red flag symptoms or signs. According to the Rome III criteria for pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders, functional disorders of CAP can be classified into functional dyspepsia, irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal migraine, and chronic functional abdominal pain syndrome. Cyclic vomiting syndrome and pathologic aerophagia are also major functional causes of CAP. Modern concepts of the pathogenesis of functional abdominal pain include brain-gut interaction, visceral hypersensitivity, autonomic dysfunction, and psychosocial factors. In addition, psychiatric disorders, presented with red flag symptoms or signs, may induce the CAP in children and adolescents. We introduce practical and systemized diagnostic approaches by illustrating clinical cases of CAP in children and adolescents.
Abdominal Pain ; Adolescent ; Child ; Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; Dyspepsia ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; Humans ; Hypersensitivity ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; Migraine Disorders ; Parents ; Rome ; Vomiting

This paper aims to give beginners an introductory course on how to write a medical paper more effectively. Bear in mind the reviewer and the reader will be reading your paper for the first time, so you should write it easily. Everything in your paper must be coherent. Use of the active voice is usually shorter and clearer. Organize your story carefully and logically, and then you can avoid unnecessary repetition in different sections. Think hard, because research is made by the mind, not by the hands. Write technically and powerfully. Above all, you have to meet the submission regulation of the target journal exactly.
Hand ; Logic ; Ursidae ; Voice ; Writing

This paper aims to give beginners an introductory course on how to write a medical paper more effectively. Bear in mind the reviewer and the reader will be reading your paper for the first time, so you should write it easily. Everything in your paper must be coherent. Use of the active voice is usually shorter and clearer. Organize your story carefully and logically, and then you can avoid unnecessary repetition in different sections. Think hard, because research is made by the mind, not by the hands. Write technically and powerfully. Above all, you have to meet the submission regulation of the target journal exactly.
Hand ; Logic ; Ursidae ; Voice ; Writing