No abstract available.
Transplants*

No abstract available.
Joints* ; Replantation*

Laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was designed as a new concept of airway management in anesthetic practice and has been successfully used in patients with difficult endotracheal intubation due to an abnormal upper airways. When It is in good position, one can cannulate the trachea either blindly or fiberoptic brochoscopically. In a patient with short neck and large breast, we were forced to use an emergency LMA because couldn't insert the laryngoscope. We decided to replace the LMA with an endotracheal tube to secure a definite airway. A fiberoptic bronchoscope was passed through both the endotracheal tube and the LMA to achieve endotracheal intubation. Then we attempted to remove the LMA for safe and smooth awakening. But the LMA coudln't be removed while keeping the LMA and the endotracheal tube in position. Therefore, surgery had to be proceeded with both the LMA and the endotracheal tube in place and all of which were removed after the surgical procedure. We conclude that the LMA is very useful as an aid of endotracheal intubation in patients with difficult airway.
Airway Management ; Breast ; Bronchoscopes ; Emergencies ; Humans ; Intubation, Intratracheal* ; Laryngeal Masks* ; Laryngoscopes ; Neck ; Trachea

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of pesticide poisoning in South Korea and the relevant epidemiologic characteristics. During the period of 1996-2005, an approximate average of twenty-five hundred fatalities occurred per year due to pesticide poisoning, while age-standardized mortality rates by pesticide poisoning significantly increased from 4.42 to 6.42 per 100,000 population. Intentional self-poisoning was the primary cause of death due to pesticides (84.8% of total pesticide poisoning deaths). The prevalence of non-fatal pesticide poisoning among farmers varied from 5.7% to 86.7%. Paraquat was the leading causative agent for pesticide poisoning, followed by organophosphate insecticides. A variety of work-related factors such as pesticide usage, pesticide application days, hazardous practices and poor personal hygiene were significantly related with pesticide poisoning. The majority of the poisoned were male, elderly individuals possessing low levels of education and residing in rural areas. The number of pesticide poisoning cases was the highest during the growing season of May to August. Further evaluation of the incidence and risk factors of pesticide poisoning at the national level in South Korea is warranted to reduce the number of victims of pesticide poisoning.
Pesticides ; Poisoning aspects ; South Korea ; seconds ; Poisoning

No abstract available.

The influence of nutrition during early life on physical growth as well as mental development has been thoroughly discussed in the literature. The physical dimensions of the body are greatly influenced by nutrition, particularly during the period of rapid growth in early childhood. Nutritional status affects every pediatric patient's response toillness. Good nutrition is important for achieving normal growth and development. It is indicated that permanent impairment of the central nervous system may result from dietary restriction of imbalance during certain periods of life. If children under 3 years of age show a good nutritional status, it may be assumed that they are well nourished. Several common diseases of children such as iron deficiency, chronic constipation and atopic dermatitis are known food related diseases. Patients with chronic illness and those at risk of malnutrition should have detailed nutritional assessments done. Components of a complete nutritional assessment include a medical history, nutritional history including dietary intake, physical examination, anthropometrics (weight, length or stature, head circumference, midarm circumference, and triceps skinfold thickness), pubertal staging, skeletal maturity staging, and biochemical tests of nutritional status. The use of age, gender, and disease-specific growth charts is essential in assessing nutritional status and monitoring nutrition interventions. Nutrition assessment and dietary counseling is helpful for the cure of disease, and moreover, the prevention of illness.
Central Nervous System ; Child ; Chronic Disease ; Constipation ; Counseling ; Dermatitis, Atopic ; Growth and Development ; Growth Charts ; Head ; Humans ; Infant ; Iron ; Malnutrition ; Nutrition Assessment ; Nutritional Status ; Physical Examination

Failure to thrive (FTT) is a term generally used to describe an infant or child whose current weight or rate of weight gains is significantly below that expected of similar children of the same age, sex and ethnicity. It usually describes infants in whom linear growth and head circumference are either not affected, or are affected to a lesser degree than weight. FTT is a common problem, usually recognized within the first 1-2 years of life, but may present at any time in childhood. Most cases of failure to thrive involve inadequate caloric intake caused by behavioral or psychosocial issues. The most important part of the outpatient evaluation is obtaining an accurate account of a child's eating habits and caloric intake. Routine laboratory testing rarely identifies a cause and is not generally recommended. FTT, its evaluation, and its therapeutic interventions are best approached by a multi-disciplinary team includes a nutritionist, a physical therapist, a psychologist and a gastroenterologist. Long term sequelae involving all areas of growth, behavior and development may be seen in children suffering from FTT. Early detection and early intervention by a multi-disciplinary team will minimize its long term disadvantage. Appropriate nutritional counseling and anticipatory guidance at each well child visit may help prevent some cause of FTT.
Child ; Counseling ; Early Intervention (Education) ; Eating ; Energy Intake ; Failure to Thrive ; Head ; Humans ; Infant ; Outpatients ; Physical Therapists ; Stress, Psychological ; Weight Gain

Renal scintigraphic methods, which are physiologic and minimally invasive, have played important role in the management of various renal diseases in children, providing sensitive tool for early detection of disease even before structural changes become prominent and giving valuable functional and anatomical information to aid medical decision makings in the treatment and follow-up of patients. This review article focuses on the concept and advantages of renal scintigraphy in pediatric patients with various urologic diseases.
Child ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nuclear Medicine* ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Urologic Diseases ; Urology*

Renal scintigraphic methods, which are physiologic and minimally invasive, have played important role in the management of various renal diseases in children, providing sensitive tool for early detection of disease even before structural changes become prominent and giving valuable functional and anatomical information to aid medical decision makings in the treatment and follow-up of patients. This review article focuses on the concept and advantages of renal scintigraphy in pediatric patients with various urologic diseases.
Child ; Early Diagnosis ; Humans ; Nuclear Medicine* ; Radionuclide Imaging ; Urologic Diseases ; Urology*

Coexisting voiding and bowel dysfunction in children are common in the clinic. The idea that overactive bladder (OAB) and constipation arise from one single pathophysiology has been reinforced in many studies. In Korea, a nationwide multicenter study conducted in 2009 showed that overall prevalence of OAB in children, 5-13 years of age, was 16.59% and this number has increased more recently. The initial step to manage coexisting fecal retention and OAB in children is to characterize their bowel and bladder habits and to treat constipation if present. Although diagnosing constipation in children is difficult, careful history-taking using the Bristol Stool Form Scale, and a scoring system of plain abdominal radiography, can help to estimate fecal retention more easily and promptly. Non-pharmacological approaches to manage functional constipation include increasing fluids, fiber intake, and physical activity. Several osmotic laxatives are also effective in improving OAB symptoms and fecal retention. Additionally, correction and education in relation to toilet training is the most important measure in treating OAB with fecal retention.
Child* ; Constipation ; Education ; Humans ; Korea ; Laxatives ; Motor Activity ; Prevalence ; Radiography, Abdominal ; Toilet Training ; Urinary Bladder ; Urinary Bladder, Overactive*