WRKY transcription factors, one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators in plants, involve in multiple life activities including plant growth and development as well as stress responses. However, little is known about the types and functions of WRKY transcription factors in Catharanthus roseus, an important medicinal plant. In this study, we identified 47 CrWRKY transcriptional factors from 26 009 proteins in Catharanthus roseus, and classified them into three distinct groups (G1, G2 and G3) according to the structure of WRKY domain and evolution of the protein family. The expression profiling showed that these CrWRKY genes expressed in a tissue/organ specific manner. The 47 CrWRKY genes were clustered into three types of expression patterns. The first type includes the CrWRKYs highly expressed in flowers and the protoplast treated with methy jasmonate (MeJA) or yeast extraction (YE). The second type contains the CrWRKYs highly expressed in stem and hairy root. The third type represents the CrWRKYs highly expressed in root, stem, leaf, seedling and the hairy root treated by MeJA. Real time quantitative PCR was employed to further identify the expression patterns of the 16 selected CrWRKY genes in various organs, the MeJA-treated protoplasts and hairy roots of Catharanthus roseus, and similar results were obtained. Notably, the expresion of more than 1/3 CrWRKY genes were regulated by MeJA or YE, indicating that these CrWRKYs are likely involed in the signalling webs which modulate the biosynthesis of terpenoid indole alkaloid and plant responses to various stresses. The present results provide a framework for functional identification of the CrWRKYs and understanding of the regulation network of terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis in Catharanthus roseus.
Amino Acid Sequence ; Catharanthus ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Plant Proteins ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Plants, Medicinal ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transcription Factors ; biosynthesis ; genetics

Palmitoleic acid (16:1delta9), an unusual monounsaturated fatty acid, is highly valued for human nutrition, medication and industry. Plant oils containing large amounts of palmitoleic acid are the ideal resource for biodiesel production. To increase accumulation of palmitoleic acid in plant tissues, we used a yeast (Saccharomyees cerevisiae) acyl-CoA-delta9 desaturase (Scdelta9D) for cytosol- and plastid-targeting expression in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). By doing this, we also studied the effects of the subcellular-targeted expression of this enzyme on lipid synthesis and metabolism in plant system. Compared to the wild type and vector control plants, the contents of monounsaturated palmitoleic (16:1delta9) and cis-vaccenic (18:1delta11) were significantly enhanced in the Scdelta9D-transgenic leaves whereas the levels of saturated palmitic acid (16:0) and polyunsaturated linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acids were reduced in the transgenics. Notably, the contents of 16:1delta9 and 18:1delta11 in the Scdelta9D plastidal-expressed leaves were 2.7 and 1.9 folds of that in the cytosolic-expressed tissues. Statistical analysis appeared a negative correlation coefficient between 16:0 and 16:1delta9 levels. Our data indicate that yeast cytosolic acyl-CoA-delta9 desaturase can convert palmitic (16:0) into palmitoleic acid (16:1delta9) in high plant cells. Moreover, this effect of the enzyme is stronger with the plastid-targeted expression than the cytosol-target expression. The present study developed a new strategy for high accumulation of omega-7 fatty acids (16:1delta9 andl8:1delta11) in plant tissues by protein engineering of acyl-CoA-delta9 desaturase. The findings would particularly benefit the metabolic assembly of the lipid biosynthesis pathway in the large-biomass vegetative organs such as tobacco leaves for the production of high-quality biodiesel.
Fatty Acid Desaturases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated ; metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Recombinant Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; enzymology ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Tobacco ; genetics ; metabolism

Stearoyl-ACP Δ⁹ desaturase (SAD) catalyzes the synthesis of monounsaturated oleic acid or palmitoleic acid in plastids. SAD is the key enzyme to control the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids in plant cells. In order to analyze the regulation mechanism of soybean oleic acid synthesis, soybean (Glycine max) GmSAD family members were genome-wide identified, and their conserved functional domains and physicochemical properties were also analyzed by bioinformatics tools. The spatiotemporal expression profile of each member of GmSADs was detected by qRT-PCR. The expression vectors of GmSAD5 were constructed. The enzyme activity and biological function of GmSAD5 were examined by Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana tabacum leaves and genetic transformation of oleic acid-deficient yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mutant BY4389. Results show that the soybean genome contains five GmSAD family members, all encoding an enzyme protein with diiron center and two conservative histidine enrichment motifs (EENRHG and DEKRHE) specific to SAD enzymes. The active enzyme protein was predicted as a homodimer. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that five GmSADs were divided into two subgroups, which were closely related to AtSSI2 and AtSAD6, respectively. The expression profiles of GmSAD members were significantly different in soybean roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and seeds at different developmental stages. Among them, GmSAD5 expressed highly in the middle and late stages of developmental seeds, which coincided with the oil accumulation period. Transient expression of GmSAD5 in tobacco leaves increased the oleic acid and total oil content in leaf tissue by 5.56% and 2.73%, respectively, while stearic acid content was reduced by 2.46%. Functional complementation assay in defective yeast strain BY4389 demonstrated that overexpression of GmSAD5 was able to restore the synthesis of monounsaturated oleic acid, resulting in high oil accumulation. Taken together, soybean GmSAD5 has strong selectivity to stearic acid substrates and can efficiently catalyze the biosynthesis of monounsaturated oleic acid. It lays the foundation for the study of soybean seed oleic acid and total oil accumulation mechanism, providing an excellent target for genetic improvement of oil quality in soybean.
Fatty Acid Desaturases ; genetics ; metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Oleic Acid ; biosynthesis ; Phylogeny ; Plant Proteins ; genetics ; Seeds ; chemistry ; Soybeans ; classification ; enzymology ; genetics

Production of biofuels such as ethanol from non-grain crops may contribute to alleviating the global energy crisis and reducing the potential threat to food security. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is a commercial crop with high biomass yield. Breeding of starch-rich tobacco plants may provide alternative raw materials for the production of fuel ethanol. We cloned the small subunit gene NtSSU of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (NtAGPase), which controls starch biosynthesis in tobacco, and constructed a plant expression vector pCAMBIA1303-NtSSU. The NtSSU gene was overexpressed in tobacco upon Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc transformation. Phenotypic analysis showed that overexpression of NtSSU gene promoted the accumulation of starch in tobacco leaves, and the content of starch in tobacco leaves increased from 17.5% to 41.7%. The growth rate and biomass yield of the transgenic tobacco with NtSSU gene were also significantly increased. The results revealed that overexpression of NtSSU gene could effectively redirect more photosynthesis carbon flux into starch biosynthesis pathway, which led to an increased biomass yield but did not generate negative effects on other agronomic traits. Therefore, NtSSU gene can be used as an excellent target gene in plant breeding to enrich starch accumulation in vegetative organs to develop new germplasm dedicated to fuel ethanol production.
Biomass ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Plant Breeding ; Plant Leaves/genetics* ; Plants, Genetically Modified/metabolism* ; Starch ; Tobacco/metabolism*