Soft aid for health has become an important component of China's foreign aid. Soft aid for health with a focus on human resources development reflects the core spirit and the innovative mechanism of China's foreign aid. This paper examines three different types of aid for health human resources: medical assistance teams, govern-ment scholarships for students from developing countries, and health training courses for officials from developing countries. It also argues that China's foreign aid exposes problems, including insufficient strategic planning, non-in-volvement of civil society and NGOs, and lack of research on China's soft aid practices. In this paper, we suggests that to improve the effectiveness of foreign aid, the government should improve its strategic planning for aid, ensure the full public participation, strengthen the academic research, and improve knowledge sharing.

Objective To describe the clinical feature ,therapeutic approach and prognosis of histoplasmosis for improving clinicians’ awareness of this disease .Methods The clinical data of 7 cases of histoplasmosis treated in Shanghai Huashan Hospital from 2001 to 2014 were reviewed retrospectively .Relevant reports about histoplasmosis from 2001 to 2014 in Chinese mainland were comprehensively reviewed .Results The major clinical manifestations of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis included fever ,hepatosplenomegaly ,lymphadenopathy ,and pancytopenia .Skin lesions and pancytopenia were more common in the patients complicated with HIV/AIDS .The patients with local infection were lack of systemic symptoms or signs . Histological examination found Histoplasmacapsulatum in macrophages in bone marrow or biopsy tissues .Amphotericin B was used most frequently to treat histoplasmosis .Itraconazole was appropriate in mild patients .Conclusions Histoplasmosis is caused by H .capsulatum .The golden standard of diagnosis is any culture positive for H .capsulatum .Antifungal treatments such as amphotericin B and itraconazole are very important .

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of total saponins of Man medicine Thladiantha dubia root(TSTR)on the ex-pressions of CD3+,CD4+and CD8+ in spleen tissue of rats with type Ⅱ collagen-induced arthritis (CIA),and explore its mecha-nism in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis(RA). METHODS:8 rats were taken as normal control group(NC group),the others 72 rats were injected mixture of bovine type Ⅱ collagen and Freund's complete adjuvant in tail and back to induce CIA model. The 50 modeled rats were randomly divided into model group(MC group),tripterygium polyglycoside(TG)group(12 mg/kg,posi-tive control),TSTR low-dose,medium-dose,high-dose groups (20,40,80 mg/kg),10 in each group. Rats in medicine groups were intragastrically administrated for 35 d,once a day;rats in NC group and MC group were intragastrically administrated equal volume of distilled water. Ankle swelling degree of rats was determined,arthritis indexes were calculated,HE staining was used to observe the lesions in synovial tissue,and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expressions of CD3+,CD4+,CD8+ in spleen tissue of rats. RESULTS:After 35 d of administration,ankle swelling degree,arthritis indexes,CD4+ expression in spleen tissue,and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in MC group were significantly higher than NC group (P<0.05 or P<0.01),expressions of CD3+, CD8+were significantly lower than NC group(P<0.05);and there was congestion and massive inflammatory cell infiltration in sy-novial tissue. The ankle swelling degree,arthritis indexes,expression of CD4+ in spleen tissue,and CD4+/CD8+ ratio in administra-tion groups were significantly lower than MC group(P<0.05);the expressions of CD3+,CD8+ in spleen tissue in administration groups were significantly higher than MC group (P<0.05);TG group,TSTR medium-dose and high-dose groups showed mild congestion and a small amount of inflammatory cell infiltration in synovial tissue of rats,and TSTR low-dose group showed no ob-vious congestion or inflammatory cell infiltration. CONCLUSIONS:Up-regulating the expressions of CD3+,CD8+ and down-regu-lating the expression of CD4+ may be one of the mechanisms of TSTR in the treatment of RA;and with best efficacy when the TSTR dose of 20 mg/kg.

ObjectiveTo investigate the social and family support in the recrudescent schizophrenia. MethodsThe Social Support Scale and The Family Environment Scale were adopted in the 71 patients with recrudescent schizophrenia. Other 49 non-recrudescent patients were adopted as control. ResultsAs compared with controls, the scores of recrudescent schizophrenia in external support, social support, familiarity and expressiveness were obviously lower, while the scores of the conflict and the control were higher. Logistic regression showed the familiarity was the protective factor, while conflict and control were risk factors of recrudescence. ConclusionThe patients with recrudescent schizophrenia get lower social and family support which might play an important role in the recrudesce of the schizophrenia.

Objective To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of muhisystemic invasive fungal diseases. Methods Twenty-one patients with multisystemic invasive fungal diseases who were hospitalized in department of infectious diseases from January 2001 to June 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. The pathogenic bacteria, involved organs, underlying diseases, clinical manifestations, treatments and prognoses of muhisystemic invasive fungal diseases were analyzed. Results Among 21 recruited cases, 17 had underlying diseases and 11 were treated with long-term immunosuppressive agents. The main pathogenic bacteria were Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus and Candida parapsilosis. Lung and brain were involved in 16 cases (skin involve in 2 cases and lymph node involved in 1 case simultaneously), lung and lumbar involved in 2 cases, heart valves involved in 2 cases, and liver, spleen and bone marrow involved in 1 case. Eight cases were cured, 6 were improved and 7 died. Conclusions In this study, most of the 21 cases with multisystemic invasive fungal diseases are immunocompromised. The main pathogenic bacterium is Cryptococcus neoformans. The lung and brain are common organs involved. Prognosis is associated with early diagnosis and active anti-fungal treatment.

Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of proximal femoral nail anti-rotation Ⅱ (PFNA Ⅱ) internal fixation in the treatment of intertrochanteric fracture.Methods From September 2012 to April 2016,the clinical data of 37 patients with intertrochanteric fracture who were treated by PFNA Ⅱ internal fixation in Yuehua Hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Results All 37 patients were successfully operated,and the operation time was 40 ～120 min,with an average of 66 min.The amount of blood loss was 30 ～ 110 mL,with an average of 50 mL.During operation and after operation,X ray showed a good position and steady internal fixation.Three days after operation,patients exercised diseased side hip joint.Seven days after operation,patients exercised sitting on the bed.Fourteen days after operation,suture was dismantled and patients could get out of bed and walk with no weight or some weight.Lower limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was not observed.Through operative multiple reexamination,the fracture was healed and hip joint function was good.Conclusion PFNA Ⅱ has advantages of convenient operation,less trauma,stronger internal fixation,rapid recovery.It is an ideal method to treat intertrochanteric fracture.

To investigate the relationship of the variation of virulence and the external capsid proteins of the pandemic duck hepatitis A virus type 1(DHAV-1) isolates,the virulence,cross neutralization assays and the complete sequence of the virion protein 1(VP1) gene of nine virulent DHAV-1 strains,which were isolated from infected ducklings with clinical symptoms in Shandong province of China in 2007-2008,were tested.The fifth generation duck embryo allantoic liquids of the 9 isolates were tested on 12-day-old duck embryos and on 7-day-old ducklings for the median embryonal lethal doses(ELD50s) and the median lethal doses(LD50s),respectively.The results showed that the ELD5s of embryonic duck eggs of the 9 DHAV-1 isolates were between 1.9 × 106/mL to 1.44 × 107/mL,while the LD50s were 2.39 × 105/mL to 6.15 × 106/mL.Cross-neutralization tests revealed that the 9 DHAV-1 isolates were completely neutralized by the standard serum and the hyperimmune sera against the 9 DHAV-1 isolates,respectively.Compared with other virulent,moderate virulent,attenuated vaccine and mild strains,the VP1 genes of the 9 strains shared 89.8％-99.7％ similarity at the nucleotide level and 92.4％-99.6％ at amino acid level with other DHAV-1 strains.There were three hypervariable regions at the C-terminus(as 158-160,180-193 and 205-219) and other variable points in VPI protein,but which didn't cause virulence of DHAV-1 change.

Objective To study the clinical features and antifungal therapeutic effects in nonacquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)patients with cryptococcal meningitis. Methods One hundred and fifty-four non-AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis admitted to Huashan Hospital, Fudan University from 1997 to 2007 were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical characteristics, initial antifungal therapies and outcome of these patients were analyzed. Continuous variables were analyzed using t test and categorical variables were compared by X~2 test or Fisher's exact test. Kaplan-Meier survival curves of different therapies were compared with log-rank test. Results Fifty-one patients (33.12%)had one or more predisposing factors. Headache, fever, meningeal irritation, vomiting and altered mental status were common clinical symptoms and signs during the course of diseases. The positive rates of cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)smear, CSF culture and detection of CSF cryptococcal capsular polysaccharide antigen were 88.44%,78.95%and 100.00%,respectively.Twelve cases were excluded because treatment durations were less than 7 days, including 9 died,2 discharged against medical advice due to illness exacerbation and 1 lost after against medical advice discharge. The remaining 142 patients were evaluated for therapeutic effects. The effective rates in amphotericin B (AmB)group, fluconazole group and AmB plus fluconazole group were 78.3%(36/46),33.3%(8/24)and 76.0%(38/50),respectively. The therapeutic effects in AmB group and AmB plus fluconazole group were superior to fluconazole group(X~2=13.6354,12.5509;P＜0.01).Eleven patients were lost during 1-year follow-up. The attributable and overall mortality in the remaining 143 patients were 19.58% and 28.67%,respectively.The 1-year survival rates in AmB group and AmB plus fluconazole group were significantly higher than that in fluconazole group. Conclusions The mortality of non-AIDS cryptococcal meningitis is still high,which is closely correlated with initial antifungal therapies. AmB alone or combined with flucytosine is related to both higher successful response and higher survival rate, while the efficacy of initial fluconazole alone or combined with flucytosine is poor.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of brucellosis cases with fever of unknown origin (FUO) as initial manifestation,and to further raise awareness of doctors in non-epidemic areas.Methods Clinical data of 19 brucellosis cases with FUO as initial manifestation in Huashan Hospital,Fudan University and Jing'an branch from June 2005 to July 2016 were collected.The epidemiological,clinical,assistant examination,imaging,treatment and prognosis data of these patients were retrospectively analyzed.Results The average age of the 19 cases was 48 years old,of whom 3 were female and 16 were male.Seventeen cases had the history of contact with sick livestock or epidemic areas.The main clinical manifestations were hepatomegaly or splenomegaly or lymphadenectasis (14 cases),bone,joint and spine involvement (9 cases),orchitis (3 cases),encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy (1 case),infectious myelitis (1 case) and sequelae of infectious transverse myelitis (1 case).Brucella was detected in 7 patients by blood culture.The agglutination test of serum antibody were 100％ positive.All patients got improvement after anti-Brucella therapeutic regimen based on doxycycline.Conclusion Brucellosis should be considered for patients with FUO from non-epidemic areas according to clinical and epidemic features.

significantly save the time of diagnosis and facilitate the clinical application of large samples.