this paper discussed that the concept of conformal model,the method,the request and the meaning of conformal model for radiotherapy.It is measured that the thickness of low-melting point lead is 6 cm for 60Coγ-ray,is 8 cm for 6 MV and 15 MV X-ray when transmision rate is lower 5%.

The pure titanium disks were divided into three groups and etched for 30 minutes with HNO3, hot H2SO4/H2O2 or hot H2SO4/HCl respectively. The treated disks were studied and analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The disks etched with HNO3 had a smooth surface, while those etched with hot H2SO4/H2O2 or hot H2SO4/HCl had rough surfaces, and the surface etched with hot H2SO4/HCl had larger micropores. The XPS analysis demonstrated that the main elements of the surface in three groups were titanium, oxygen and carbon. The carbon concentration was the lowest on the surface etched with hot H2SO4/H2O2 and the highest on that etched with hot H2SO4/HCl. The substances were TiO2, Ti2O3, TiO and metal Ti on the surface etched with HNO3 or hot H2SO4/H2O2. Only TiO2 was detected on the surface etched with hot H2SO4/HCl.
Hydrochloric Acid ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Metallurgy ; methods ; Nitric Acid ; Oxides ; Sulfuric Acids ; Surface Properties ; Titanium ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo study the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) in acute liver failure (ALF) using a mouse model of D-Galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide (D-GalN/LPS)-induced ALF.

METHODSThe ALF model was established by administering intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of D-Ga1N (700 mg/kg) and LPS (10 mug/kg) to six C57BL/6 mice. Three of the modeled mice were also administered 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA; 100 mg/kg i.p.) at 6 hours before the onset of ALF and served as the intervention group. Non-modeled mice served as controls. All mice were analyzed by western blotting and qRT-PCR to determine the expression levels of ERS-related proteins in liver tissue. Liver function was assessed by measuring levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in serum. Extent of injury to the liver tissue was assessed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and histological analysis. qRT-PCR was also used to detect differences in expression of inflammation-related genes, and western blotting was also used to detect differences in expression of the apoptosis related protein Caspase-3.The extent of apoptosis in liver tissue was assessed by TUNEL assay.

RESULTSThe ERS markers GRP78 and GRP94 showed increased expression at both the gene and protein levels which followed progression of ALF. The ERS effector proteins XBP-1, ATF-6 and IRE 1 a involved in the unfolded protein response were activated in the early stages of ALF, and the ERS-induced apoptosis regulators Caspase-12 and CHOP were activated in the late stage of ALF. Inhibition of ERS by 4-PBA intervention protected against injury to liver tissue and function, as evidenced by significantly lower levels of serum ALT and AST and a remarkably decreased extent of histological alterations. Furthermore, the inhibition of ERS suppressed expression of the proinflammatory cytokines TNFa, IL-6 and IL-1 β, and reduced the extent of hepatocyte apoptosis.

CONCLUSIONERS is activated in the mouse model of D-GalN/LPS-induced ALF. Inhibition of ERS may be protective against liver injury and the mechanism of action may involve reductions in inflammatory and apoptotic factors and/or signaling. Therefore, inhibiting ERS may represent a novel therapeutic approach for treating ALF.

Animals ; Apoptosis ; Disease Models, Animal ; Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress ; Galactosamine ; adverse effects ; Lipopolysaccharides ; adverse effects ; Liver Failure, Acute ; chemically induced ; metabolism ; pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL

Objective Based on the theoretical connotation of"Dredge Du meridian remodeling god"intervention in PSD,two rounds of expert questionnaire were conducted in combination with Delphi survey method to optimize the diagnosis and treatment scheme of massage intervention in PSD,and to develop an optimal operation mode of Tuina for PSD.Methods Experts with rich experience in Tuina intervention in different provinces and cities in China were selected to participate in two rounds of questionnaires.Items were screened after statistical analysis of experts′ basic information,positive degree,coordination coefficient and authority coefficient of the two rounds of questionnaires.Results In the two rounds of Delphi survey,34 and 37 experts were selected for questionnaire survey,and the positive coefficients of experts were 94.44%and 94.47%,respectively.The average expert authority coefficients of the two rounds were 0.65 and 0.74.The expert coordination degree of the two rounds of questionnaires was medium,and Kendall coefficient W>0.4.Conclusion After two rounds of expert research in Delphi,the specific techniques,techniques and treatment frequency were screened and demarcated,and the optimized PSD diagnosis and treatment plan of"Dredge Du meridian remodeling god"Tuina intervention with high expert authority and good consensus was formed,which can be promoted and applied to PSD patients clinically.

Objective : To investigate the role of N-methyladenosine(m6 A) demethylase ALKBH5 in the prolifera- tion and activation of cardiac fibroblasts( CFs) in rats． Methods : The CFs taken from SD rats in 1 to 3 days were isolated by differential adhesion and observed under microscope．After cells were adherently grown to appropriate density，the cells were induced by TGF-β1 for modeling．The model cells were divided into the overexpression of ALKBH5 group infected by lentivirus and the negative control group for 24－48 hours. RT-qPCR was used to detect mRNA expression of ALKBH5，α-smooth muscle actin( α-SMA) ，type I collagen ( Collagen Ⅰ ) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) ．The expression of ALKBH5、α-SMA、Collagen Ⅰ and PCNA were assayed by West- ern blot．The cell proliferation activity was tested by CCK-8 assay and EdU. Results : Compared with the control group，the protein and mRNA of ALKBH5 were reduced in the model group active by TGF-β1．Meanwhile，the bi- omarkers of activation，such as PCNA，α-SMA and Collagen Ⅰ , increased significantly．Besides，the protein and mRNA of PCNA、α-SMA and Collagen Ⅰ were lower in overexpression of ALKBH5 group than those of the negative control group．CCK-8 assay and EdU suggested that the proliferation viability of CFs was reduced evidently in over- expression of ALKBH5 group，compared with the negative control group． Conclusion Overexpression of ALKBH5 can inhibit the proliferation of CFs，suggesting that ALKBH5 may be a key regulatory point in the development of myocardial fibrosis.

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect and safety of long-acting pegylated interferon-α-2b (Peg-IFN-α-2b) (Y shape, 40 kD) injection (180 μg/week) in the treatment of HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients, with standard-dose Peg-IFN-α-2a as positive control. Methods: This study was a multicenter, randomized, open-label, and positive-controlled phase III clinical trial. Eligible HBeAg-positive CHB patients were screened out and randomized to Peg-IFN-α-2b (Y shape, 40 kD) trial group and Peg-IFN-α-2a control group at a ratio of 2:1. The course of treatment was 48 weeks and the patients were followed up for 24 weeks after drug withdrawal. Plasma samples were collected at screening, baseline, and 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 weeks for centralized detection. COBAS® Ampliprep/COBAS® TaqMan® HBV Test was used to measure HBV DNA level by quantitative real-time PCR. Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay with Elecsys kit was used to measure HBV markers (HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBe). Adverse events were recorded in detail. The primary outcome measure was HBeAg seroconversion rate after the 24-week follow-up, and non-inferiority was also tested. The difference in HBeAg seroconversion rate after treatment between the trial group and the control group and two-sided confidence interval (CI) were calculated, and non-inferiority was demonstrated if the lower limit of 95% CI was > -10%. The t-test, chi-square test, or rank sum test was used according to the types and features of data. Results: A total of 855 HBeAg-positive CHB patients were enrolled and 820 of them received treatment (538 in the trial group and 282 in the control group). The data of the full analysis set showed that HBeAg seroconversion rate at week 72 was 27.32% in the trial group and 22.70% in the control group with a rate difference of 4.63% (95% CI -1.54% to 10.80%, P = 0.1493). The data of the per-protocol set showed that HBeAg seroconversion rate at week 72 was 30.75% in the trial group and 27.14% in the control group with a rate difference of 3.61% (95% CI -3.87% to 11.09%, P = 0.3436). 95% CI met the non-inferiority criteria, and the trial group was non-inferior to the control group. The two groups had similar incidence rates of adverse events, serious adverse events, and common adverse events. Conclusion In Peg-IFN-α regimen for HBeAg-positive CHB patients, the new drug Peg-IFN-α-2b (Y shape, 40 kD) has comparable effect and safety to the control drug Peg-IFN-α-2a.