Experiment examination plays an important role in evaluation of clinical microbiology experiment teaching.Standardized experiment examination system of clinical microbiology is a fair,objective and scientific assessment of students' learning effect and an important mean to evaluate teaching quality.The standardized experimental evaluation system includes organization,standardized examination contents,standardized procedures and operations,standardized invigilation and record,standardized scoring criteria,correction and prevention measures.

Objective To investigate the effect of recombinant Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin (rVvhA) on the expression of nitric oxide(NO) and induced nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) in J774A. 1 cells.Methods The inhibitory effect of rVvhA on J774A. 1 proliferation was measured by MTF colorimetry technique. The content of nitrite in culture medium was determined by Griess reagent. The expression of iNOS protein and mRNA were measured by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR, respectively. Results The viability of J774A. 1 cells was apparently inhibited when exposed to 0.8 HU/ml rVvhA and up. With the help of IFN-γ, the expression of NO and the activity of iNOS in J774A. 1 cells were remarkably increased when exposed to 0.4 HU/ml rVvhA. Conclusion rVvhA can increase the expression of NO and iNOS, it may play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of Vibrio vulnificus.

Objective: To have a profound understanding of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartic receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis, through the clinical analysis of 5 cases of anti-NMDAR encephalitis, and literature review. Methods: This is a retrospective analysis. Five cases of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis treated from May 2010 to June 2015, in the Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University, were included in this study. The clinical data, including clinical manifestation, past history, radiological features, serum and cerebral spinal fluid examinations, treatment and prognosis, were analyzed. Results: Among the 5 cases, 3 young female and 2 middle-to old-aged male. The clinical features of the onset was mental and behavior disorder, as well as seizure and extrapyramidal features, like facial and limbic involuntary movements or tremor. Coma and hypopnea was severe in 3 young female cases, needing assistance of mechanical ventilator, while the manifestation of 2 male patients was much mild, need not assisted respiration. 1 case had teratoma of ovary, 1 case had Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome. The anti-NMDA receptor antibody was positive in cerebraospinal fluid of all 5 cases, but in serum of 3 cases, serum and CSF Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) IgM antibody was positive in 1 case, while herpes simplex I virus (HSV-1) IgM antibody positive in another case, and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody was seen in serum and CSF in 1 case. The time interval from the onset to treatment was 10-37 d (18.8±9.8 d). IVIG was used in all of the 5 cases, glucocoticoid in 4 cases, and plasma exchange in 3 cases. One case with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome, having a long time before diagnosis and treatment, died, while the other 4 cases had good prognosis, and had no relapse. Conclusions Mental and behavior disturbance is common at onset of anti-NMDAR encephalitis. The radiological and lab examination may be normal. It may be accompanied with HSV-1 or EBV infection, anti-MOG antibody may be positive in this disease. Active treatment is important.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the cervical cancer incidence and mortality in cancer registries of Zhejiang province during 2000 to 2009.

METHODSThe data of cervical cancer incidence and mortality were collected from six cancer registries in Zhejiang province. Staff of Zhejiang Provincial Cancer Prevention and Control Office checked, sorted and analyzed the data to calculate crude, standardized rate and trend. Chinese census in 1982 and Segi's population were used for age-standardized incidence and mortality rates.

RESULTSThe incidence rate of cervical cancer in Zhejiang cancer registration areas was 11.78/100 000 during 2000 to 2009, and age-standardized incidence rates by Chinese standard population and by world standard population were 7.05/100 000 and 8.62/100 000, respectively. The mortality rate was 1.89/100 000, and age-standardized mortality rates by Chinese standard population and by world standard population were 0.95/100 000 and 1.23/100 000, respectively. The age-specific incidence rates showed different trends, increased significantly after the age of 25, peaked at 45-year-old group, which was 23.03/100 000 (578/2 510 099) , and decreased at the age of 50, while the age-specific mortality rates gentlely increased, peaked at 85 years of age group, which was 11.94/100 000 (33/276 414) . The cervical Cancer Incidence from 5.96/100 000 (86/1 443 589) in 2000, increased to 18.90/100 000 (898/4 751 426) in 2009, the annual percent change (APC) was 16.64% (95%CI:11.87%-21.61%). The mortality showed a gentle upward trend from 1.45/100 000 (21/1 443 589) , increased to 2.53/100 000 (120/4 751 426) in 2009, the APC was 6.63% (95%CI:1.73%-11.77%).

CONCLUSIONCervical cancer showed younger trend, the incidence and mortality trends showed an increasing trend, should strengthen the prevention and control of cervical cancer.

Aged ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Registries ; Survival Rate ; trends ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; mortality

Astragalosides are the main active constituents of traditional Chinese medicine Huang-Qi, of which cycloastragenol-type glycosides are the most typical and major bioactive compounds. This kind of compounds exhibit various biological functions including cardiovascular protective, neuroprotective, etc. Owing to the limitations of natural sources and the difficulties encountered in chemical synthesis, re-engineering of biosynthetic machinery will offer an alternative and promising approach to producing astragalosides. However, the biosynthetic pathway for astragalosides remains elusive due to their complex structures and numerous reaction types and steps. Herein, guided by transcriptome and phylogenetic analyses, a cycloartenol synthase and four glycosyltransferases catalyzing the committed steps in the biosynthesis of such bioactive astragalosides were functionally characterized from Astragalus membranaceus. AmCAS1, the first reported cycloartenol synthase from Astragalus genus, is capable of catalyzing the formation of cycloartenol; AmUGT15, AmUGT14, AmUGT13, and AmUGT7 are four glycosyltransferases biochemically characterized to catalyze 3-O-xylosylation, 3-O-glucosylation, 25-O-glucosylation/O-xylosylation and 2'-O-glucosylation of cycloastragenol glycosides, respectively. These findings not only clarified the crucial enzymes for the biosynthesis and the molecular basis for the structural diversity of astragalosides in Astragalus plants, also paved the way for further completely deciphering the biosynthetic pathway and constructing an artificial pathway for their efficient production.