Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)+SpyGlass system versus percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGD)+ERCP in the treatment of acute cholecystitis secondary to choledocholithiasis. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of the patients with acute cholecystitis secondary to choledocholithiasis who were treated in Department of Gastroenterology, Jilin City People's Hospital, from December 2019 to September 2021, among whom there were 23 patients in the ERCP+SpyGlass group and 19 patients in the PTGD+ERCP group. The two groups were compared in terms of the indicators such as surgical technical success, surgical operation time, surgical clinical success, postoperative recovery, length of hospital stay, and complications. The two-independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between groups, and the Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between groups; the chi- square test or the Fisher's exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. Results Compared with the PTGD+ERCP group, the ERCP+SpyGlass group had a significant reduction in C-reactive protein after surgery ( Z =2.999, P =0.003). There were no significant differences between the two groups in technical success rate ( χ 2 =1.735, P =0.188), clinical success rate ( χ 2 =0.846, P =0.358), total time of operation ( t =1.667, P = 0.113), white blood cell count on day 1 after surgery ( t =1.075, P = 0.289), length of postoperative hospital stay ( t =1.560, P =0.127), and incidence rate of complications (all P > 0.05). Conclusion In the treatment of acute cholecystitis secondary to choledocholithiasis, the ERCP+SpyGlass system has a comparable clinical effect to PTGD+ERCP and is safe and effective, without increasing surgery-related adverse events and risks, and it can also solve the problems of the biliary tract and the gallbladder at one time through natural orifices, with no scars on body surface and convenient postoperative nursing. Therefore, it holds promise for clinical application.

ObjectiveTo investigate the safety and efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） combined with electrohydraulic lithotripsy under the direct view of eyeMax biliary-pancreatic imaging system in the treatment of difficult choledocholithiasis. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 12 patients with difficult choledocholithiasis who underwent ERCP and electrohydraulic lithotripsy under the direct view of eyeMax biliary-pancreatic imaging system in Department of Gastroenterology， Jilin People’s Hospital， from May to November 2022. The clinical effect of lithotripsy and lithotomy was observed， and postoperative complications and time of surgical operation were assessed. ResultsAmong the 12 patients， 11 （91.67%） were successfully treated by electrohydraulic lithotripsy under direct view， 9 （75.00%） achieved first-attempt success in lithotripsy， and 11 （91.67%） had complete removal of calculi； 1 patient was found to have stenosis of the bile ducts caused by multiple biliary tract surgeries， and grade Ⅱ intrahepatic bile duct stones above the sites of stenosis were removed under direct view， but there were still residues of grade Ⅲ intrahepatic bile duct stones， which led to the fact that complete calculus removal was not achieved. The mean time of ERCP operation was 91.3±26.2 minutes， including a time of 41.8±22.2 minutes for energy lithotripsy. There were 2 cases of postoperative biliary tract infection which were improved after anti-infective therapy， 2 cases of hyperamylasemia which were not given special treatment， and 3 cases of mild pancreatitis which were improved after symptomatic medication， and there were no complications such as bleeding and perforation. ConclusionERCP combined with electrohydraulic lithotripsy under the direct view of eyeMax biliary-pancreatic imaging system is safe， effective， and feasible in the treatment of difficult choledocholithiasis.

Copper plays an important role in many metabolic activities in the human body. Copper level in the human body is in a state of dynamic equilibrium. Recent research on copper metabolism has revealed that copper dyshomeostasis can cause cell damage and induce or aggravate some diseases by affecting oxidative stress, proteasome, cuprotosis, and angiogenesis. The liver plays a central role in copper metabolism in the human body. Research conducted in recent years has unraveled the relationship between copper homeostasis and liver diseases. In this paper, we review the available evidence of the mechanism by which copper dyshomeostasis promotes cell damage and the development of liver diseases, and identify the future research priorities.
Humans ; Copper/metabolism* ; Homeostasis ; Oxidative Stress ; Liver Diseases

OBJECTIVE: To establish a quantitative method for determining the contents of uracil, cytidine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, uridine, inosine, and guanosine in Holotrichia diomphalia Larvae by HPLC. METHODS: The HPLC analysis was performed on Waters HSS T3 column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was composed of acetonitrile(A) and water(B), and gradient elution was carried out. The flow rate was 1.0 mL•min-1. The column temperature was maintained at 30 ℃. The detection wavelength was 260 nm. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients of the seven components ranged from 0.999 1 to 1.000 0. The average recovery rates(n=6) were between 91.2% and 97.4%, and the RSDs were between 1.5% and 2.3%. CONCLUSION: The proposed method is simple, accurate and reliable, thus providing basis for comprehensive quality control of Holotrichia diomphalia Larvae.

OBJECTIVE: To isolate and purify the reference compounds and improve the quality standard of Korean medicinal Herba Artemisiae sacrorum. METHODS: The chemical constituents were isolated from the aerial parts of Korean medicinal herb Artemisia sacrorum by silica gel, ODS column chromatography and preparative HPLC, and the structures were identified by NMR and MS. RESULTS: Fourteen known compounds were isolated and identified as follows:1α-acetoxyeudesm-4-en-6β,11βH-12,6-olide(1),(11S)-3-oxoeudesma-1,4(15)-dieno-12,6α-lactone(2), 1-epi-dehydroisoerivanin(3), 11-epi-taurin(4), chrysanthemolide(5), 1α-acetyl-gallicadiol(6), erivanin(7), 1α, 4α-dihydroxyeudesm-2-en-5α, 6β, 11βH-12, 6-olide(8), vulgarin(9),(+)-dehydrovomifoliol(10), isoevodionol(11),(+)-epi-pinoresinol(12), lariciresinol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(13), and lariciresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(14). CONCLUSION: All compounds are obtained from this plant for the first time. These compounds can be used as reference substances for the quality control of this ethnic medicine.

Objective: To establish a detection method based on Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) that can sensitively detect the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) in the cytoplasm. Methods: The eukaryotic expression vectors of CFTR and YFP-H148Q / I152L were constructed respectively. FRT cells co-expressing CFTR and YFP-H148Q / I152L were obtained by liposome transfection. The expression of CFTR and YFP-H148Q / I152L in FRT cells was observed by an inverted fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry was used to detect the purity of cells; The cell model was identified by the fluorescence quenching kinetics test. The validation of the cell model which could screen CFTR modulators was verified by the fluorescence quenching kinetics experiments. The radioimmunoassay was used to detect the cAMP concentration in cytoplasm after adding CFTR activator. Results: The results of the inverted fluorescence microscope showed that CFTR was expressed in the cell membrane and YFP-H148Q / I152L was expressed in the cytoplasm of FRT cells. The FRT cell model stably co-expressing ANO1 and YFP-H148Q / I152L was successfully constructed. The model could screen CFTR modulators, and the slope of fluorescence change and the concentration of CFTR modulators were in a dose-dependent manner. The slope of the fluorescence could reflect the cAMP concentration in the cytoplasm. The cell model could sensitively detect the intracellular cAMP concentration. Conclusion: The cell model could efficiently and sensitively detect the second messenger cAMP concentration in the cytoplasm, and it provided a simple and efficient method for the study of other targets associated cAMP signal.
Cyclic AMP ; Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator ; Cytoplasm ; Second Messenger Systems

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the clinical feasibility of particle impaction bone graft and plate internal fixation for the treatment of proximal femoral bone tumors or tumor disease.

METHODSFrom January 2013 to January 2016 a total of 26 cases of the proximal femur bone tumors or tumor lesions, neither pathological fracture, were retrospectively analyzed, including 12 males and 14 females with an average age of 34.2 years old ranging from 8 to 62 years old. The pathologic result involved fibrous dysplasia in 11 cases, bone isolation bone cyst in 7 cases, giant cell tumors of bone in 3 cases, aneurysm sample bone cyst in 3 cases, non ossifying fibroma in 1 case, benign fibrous histiocytoma in 1 case. No biopsy of the lesion was performed before the operation. Postoperative lesions were sent to pathology. The operation was treated by particle impaction bone graft and plate internal fixation.

RESULTSAll patients were followed up to resume normal life for 8 to 42 months with an average of 25 months. The function assessment referenced to the bone and soft tissue tumor association (MSTS). At the end of the last examination, the positive and lateral X-ray films of the femur showed no low density shadow in the margin of bone graft and bone graft, and the bone healing in the bone graft area was good. No recurrence or metastasis was found in all patients, and no loosening or deformation of the internal fixator occurred. The hip function was well restored and no fracture or deformity progressed in all patients.

CONCLUSIONSThe tumor recurrence in the proximal femur is related to curettage and bone grafting. After the curettage, the residual tumor cells were treated by chemical and physical methods. By this method, the disease can be cured for a long time, and it can reduce the recurrence and resume the function of the hip joint.

Proanthocyanidin (PA), as a kind of natural plant polyphenol, have a variety of biological functions, such as promoting remineralization, inducing collagen cross-linking, inhibiting protease activity and inhibiting bacteria. Therefore, PA could be broadly used in the clinical application of treatment and repair of deep caries in the future; for example, PA could promote dentin remineralization, improve resin-dentin bonding durability and improve the dentin acid erosion effect. This application potential of PA arises from several features, firstly, PA can not only promote dentin remineralization on its own or with other remineralizers but also exhibits antibacterial effects, which can inhibit acid production while reducing the formation of cariogenic pathogens and their biofilms. Based on the above features, PA can reduce the incidence of caries disease; thus, PA improves deep caries and long-term effects after treatment. In addition, PA added to adhesives or etch agents can improve the etching and bonding effect of dentin by inducing collagen cross-linking and inhibiting protease activity, thus achieving the ultimate goal of improving the bonding performance of deep caries. This paper summarizes recent progress of research on PA for the treatment and repair of deep caries, including the promotion of dentin remineralization and antibacterial activity as well as the improvement in dentin bonding and acid etching effect, to provide a more comprehensive reference for treating and restoring deep caries in clinical practice.