Sarcopenia is one of the most common complications of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) and is an independent risk factor for mortality in ESLD patients. Increasing evidence has indicated that nutritional intervention plays an important role in improving the prognosis of ESLD complicated with sarcopenia. Timely identification and early treatment of sarcopenia in ESLD are indispensable for improving patient outcome and quality of life. Accumulating in-depth researches on the pathogenesis and metabolic characteristics of sarcopenia in ESLD patients have provided increasing evidence for the nutritional treatment of sarcopenia in ESLD. Here we reviewed and summarized the research progress regarding the early identification, nutritional risk screening, assessment, and intervention of sarcopenia in ESLD.

Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the Penn Acoustic Neuroma Quality of Life (PANQOL) scale into Chinese, and introduce the first specific evaluation tool for the quality of life of acoustic neuroma patients. Methods: Based on strict scale introduction requirements (scale preparation, translation, cultural adaptation and performance evaluation), elaborate on the multistep translation model (forward translation, synthesis, back translation, back translation review, comprehensive coordination) and cultural adaptation process (expert committee, preliminary experiment) to the preliminary experiments PANQOL scale in Chinese version. A preliminary survey and cognitive interview were conducted on 30 patients with acoustic neuroma, and the scale was further revised to establish the Chinese version of PANQOL scale. Results: The translation validity index of each item (I-TVI) in the Chinese version of the PANQOL scale was 96%-100%, and the translation validity index at the scale level (S-TVI) was 100%, reaching the translation standard. The PANQOL scale of 30 patients in the preliminary experiment was generally divided into 73.75 ± 12.12. Conclusions The multistep translation and cultural adaptation of PANQOL scale is a complex and time consuming process. Strict implementation of this process can ensure the quality of the scale introduction. The performance of the Chinese version of PANQOL scale needs to be studied and evaluated by expanding the sample size latterly.