Detection of epileptic waves in EEG is particularly helpful in the interpretation of the underlying process in seizures. This study is aimed at providing a new method for automatic detection of epileptic waves through the wavelet analysis of EEGs. It mainly deals with the detection of spikes or spike-waves based on wavelet transform. Since spikes and spike-waves contain high frequency energy, they will be represented in a particular scale localized in a small time window. According to these feature waveforms of epileptic waves, a continuous processing system for epileptic waveforms detection is constructed. We apply discrete wavelet transform on EEGs. Because of the time-frequency domain localization of wavelet transforms, we can get the local maximal positions across several successive dyadic scales of wavelet transform. And these positions indicate the points of sharp transitions in EEGs. Then we calculate the distance between every two successive maximal positions in each scale. This distance stands for the period of subwave. Furthermore, the distribution of subwave periods of each scale can be worked out. Then, comparing the distribution of normal EEG's and epileptic EEG's. The difference between these two waveforms provides us the criteria for automatic detection and classification. In order to reduce the detection workload, we also compare the detection efficiency of each scale. The scale that provides highest accuracy is selected for our automatic detection system. The results presented in this study show that scale 3 provides the best detection accuracy. So, scale 3 is deemed to be the proper scale for automatic detection. This system has the following advantages: (1) Reduced the workload significantly by selecting proper scale(s) for automatic selection; (2) Enhanced the detection accuracy by selecting proper criteria and threshold; (3) Capable of continuous detection; (4) It is also fit for the detection of other biomedical signals. This system showed good performance, and the initial clinical results obtained are also encouraging.
Electroencephalography ; Epilepsy ; diagnosis ; Humans ; Wavelet Analysis

ObjectiveTo explore the psychological training methods on improving the mental adaptation and performance of recruits.MethodsAccording to army's squad establishment,372 recruits were randomly extracted and divided into intervention group (182) and control group (190).A series of special group psychological trainings,such as Warm barracks,Friendly Care,Self-awareness,Interpersonal communication,etc,was applied to the recruits of the intervention group through the squad leaders given psychological training.The effect was assessed with Psychosocial Stress Survey For Groups (PSSG),General Maladjustment Scale (GM),Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS),General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES),Wallace Slef-Concept Scale (WSCS) and Examined Performance.ResultsThe scores of negative emotion was [(3.89±2.01) score vs (2.56±1.65) score ],negative copy was [(3.96±2.52) score vs (2.97±1.78)score],total stress was [(46.36±21.74)score vs (33.71±17.56) score],maladjustment was [(11.26±5.04)score vs (9.10±4.53)score] in the intervention group,which was significantly reduced than those in the control group(P＜0.01).But the scores of positive emotion was [(3.70±1.62) score vs (4.16±1.84) score],positive copy was [(5.21±1.94) score vs (6.93±2.17) score ],subjective support was [(21.37±3.59)score vs (22.56±3.53)score] and support utilization was [(7.03±2.16) score vs (8.92±2.44) score],self-concept was [(74.33±15.72) score vs (80.65±13.98) score],self-efficacy was [(2.44±0.56) score vs (2.91.±0.52) score ] and the examination performance was [(pull-up:(5.12±3.77) times vs (12.09±4.52) times; sit-up:(30.82±9.54) times/3 min vs (70.20±16.83) times/3min; push-up:(21.32±9.73)times/2 min vs (61.75±17.62)times/2 min; Running 3000 meters:(14.17±1.14) s vs (12.82±0.32) s; standing grade throw:(26.68±4.62) mvs (35.38±8.44) m ],which was significantly improved (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).ConclusionsComprehensive group psychological training implemented by Squad leader could effectively improve the ability of adaptation of recruits and promote the performance.

Objective To investigate the autophagy and the expression of its related genes in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.Methods Patients with newly onset or recently-diagnosed SLE (n=20) were enrolled.RA patients (n=10) and healthy blood donors (n=10) were used as controls.PBMCs from all subjects were immediately isolated by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation.And then monocytes were removed by wall sticking method.The morphology was observed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of Beclin 1 and microtubule-associated protein 1-light chain 3 (MAPLC3) were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time quantitative RT-PCR respectively.Results TEM showed autophagic phenomenon in PBMCs from active SLE.On the mRNA level,expression of Beclin 1 and LC3 was significantly increased in fresh isolated SLE cells as compared with RA or healthy donor's PBMCs.Conclusion Based on these results,we can conclude that autophagy occurs in active SLE and the expression of its related genes is significantly higher in active SLE than in RA or normal controls.The enhanced autophagy may indicate its role in the pathogenesis of SLE.

Objective To study the mechanism underlying attentional biases toward event-related potentials (ERPs) in healthy male subjects.Methods 18 male healthy subjects performed emotional stroop task by pressing the buttons to the picture border color of two categories including the neutral and positive.The RT and Accuracy were recorded automatically.The ERPs were recorded by Neuroscan system.Results The behavioral results showed that neither the reaction time (628.11 ± 55.46) ms vs (628.81 ± 53.92) ms nor accuracy (96.87 ± 4.42) ％ vs (95.76±7.41)％ found difference under two conditions.ERPs results showed that the positive pictures evoked more greater P2 ((8.16±4.99)μV vs (4.30±3.83)μV) and P3 ((6.31±4.53)μV vs (4.27±4.16)μV) than neutral pictures.Conclusion Attentional biases toward positive emotion can be found in healthy male subjects,which can be related to emotional control process.

Objective To investigate the effective dose and safety of adenosine triphosphate(ATP) in inducing dual atrioventricular nodal pathways(DAVNP)phenomenon.Methods The ATP(the initial dose was 0.15 mg/kg,incremented 0.10 mg/kg each time)was injected to 40 patients who had slow-fast atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia(AVNRT)through a femoral vein until signs of DAVNP,second-or third-degrec atrioventricular block(AVB)appared.The surface and intracardiac electrocardiogram was recorded consecutively.Results Forty patients of the slow-fast AVNRT had AVB after injecting ATP (16.1±5.8)mg(9-22 mg),29 patients(72.5%,29/40)occurred DAVNP phenomenon,of which 11 (37.9%,11/29)revealed DAVNP phenomenon after injecting ATP 0.15 mg/kg.Seventeen patients had side-effects of dyspnea,dizziness,cough,cardiopalmus and so on,but these side-effects were generally minor,short duration.Forty patients had transient cardiac arrhythmia.Conclusions The incremental low-dose method in inducing DAVNP has higher positive rate.The side-effects of ATP are mostly light and short duration,and can not cause serious consequence.

Objective To develop a Chinese version of Frommelt Attitude Toward Care of the Dying scale (FATCOD) and evaluate its validity and reliability to provide a tool for the field of hospice care and death education used among nurses.Methods FATCOD scale was adopted according to Brislin's translation model for cross-cultural research and its reliability and validity of the new Chinese version was tested in 126 nurses.Factor analysis and correlation analysis were applied to establish the validity and reliability.Results The Chinese version of FATCOD scale consisted of 30 items.The Cronbach's α coefficient of the scale was 0.828; split-half coefficient of the whole scale was 0.807; the varimax rotation factor analysis of the scale identified twelve principal factors and explained for 69.5％ variances.Conclusions The Chinese version of FATCOD scale is valid and reliable in the sample of nurses,and can be used in the field of hospice care and death education.

Objective To study the expression of heat shock 27 000 associated protein 1 ( HSPBAP1, GenBank: AK096705) in the brain tissues of patients with drug-refractory epilepsy and discuss its function in the pathogenesis. Methods Fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction ( FQ-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used to test the expression of HSPBAP1 in the surgically removed brain tissues of patients with drug-refractory epilepsy from the brain bank of our department ( n = 36) , and the results were compared with that of normal controls (n = 8 ). Results The relative expression of HSPBAP1 mRNA in the brains of patients with drug-refractory epilepsy was more than 34. 11 times that of controls, and HSPBAP1 protein expression was significantly increased in temporal lobe cortex (0. 0507?0. 0003, P

Objective:To study the expression of ULBP2 protein in the brain tissues of patients with drug-refractory epilepsy and its clinical significance.Methods:Gene-chip,immunofluorescence and Western blot were used to test expression of ULBP2 in the surgically removed brain tissue of patients with drug-refractory epilepsy from the brain bank of our department(n=42),and the results were compared with that of normal controls (n=12).Results:The relative increasing expression of ULBP2-gene in the brain of patients with drug-refractory epilepsy,and ULBP2 protein expression was significantly increased in temporal lobe cortex of patients with drug-refractory epilepsy as compared with the same regions of the controls specimens.Conclusion:The results indicate that the overexpression of ULBP2 may be involved in the pathophysiology of drug-refractory epilepsy.

Objective To analyze the effect of residual cholesterol (RC) on hearing loss in noise-exposed workers. Methods A total of 3 412 workers engaged in noise operation work in an underground railway enterprise were selected as the research subjects using the judgment sampling method. Their occupational health examination data were collected to analyze the relationship between RC and hearing loss. Results The noise intensity of workplace in the underground rail enterprise was 80.0-85.0 (81.4±3.2) dB(A). The detection rate of hearing loss was 20.2% (691/3 412). The rates of abnormal total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol were 35.6%, 25.7%, 9.5% and 42.4%, respectively. The median and the 25th and 75th percentiles [M(P₂₅,P₇₅)] of RC level were 0.24 (0.15, 0.37) mmol/L. The levels of total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and RC of workers in hearing loss group were higher than those in normal hearing group [M(P₂₅,P₇₅): 4.91(4.37, 5.58) vs 4.84(4.30, 5.46) mmol/L, 1.29(0.91, 1.93) vs 1.16(0.82, 1.67) mmol/L, 0.26(0.16, 0.41) vs 0.24(0.14, 0.37) mmol/L, all P<0.05]. The detection rate of hearing loss in abnormal triglyceride group was higher than that in normal triglyceride group (24.8% vs 18.7%, P<0.01), and the detection rate of hearing loss in abnormal HDL-C group was higher than that in normal HDL-C group (25.0% vs 19.8%, P<0.05). The higher the serum RC level, the higher the detection rate of hearing loss (P<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression result showed that individual with older age, longer work time and higher serum RC level had higher risk of hearing abnormality (all P<0.05), and the risk of hearing abnormality was higher in patients with abnormal fasting blood glucose than patients with normal faseing blood glucose (P<0.05) after controlling for confounding factors such as gender, alcohol consumption, body mass index, and elevated blood pressure. However, abnormal triacylglycerol and HDL-C levels were not significantly related to the risk of hearing abnormality (both P>0.05). Conclusion Serum RC levels are an independent risk factor for hearing loss among noise-exposed workers exposed to noise level of 80.0-85.0 dB(A) in the workplace.

Objective To study the pharmacokinetic status of Cyclophosphamide (CYC) in children with lupus nephritis (LN),as well as the relationship between the pharmacokinetic results and clinical indicators,adverse reactions,curative effect evaluation.Methods Thirty patients hospitalized at Tianjin Children's Hospital from January 2014 to December 2016 were treated with glucocorticoid (GC) combined with CYC.Blood samples were collected in 6 point-in-time after intravenous CYC,a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was used to detect the blood drug concentration,and the pharmacokinetic results were calculated.All patients were followed up for 24 weeks,and the levels of serum albumin (ALB),24 hours urinary protein,serum creatinine (Scr),complement 3 (C3),therapeutic effect and systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index scores were evaluated at the same time.Results Pharmacokinetic curve showed the second chamber model,the area under the curve (AUC) of time-effect relationship was (143.55 ±42.43) g/(L · h),peak concentration (Cmax) was (20.02 ± 3.55) g/L,and half-time period (T1/2) was(4.21 ± 0.96) h.Age and gender had no influence on AUC,Cmax and T1/2,and statistically significant correlation was found between serum ALB and T1/2,which was positively correlated (r =0.517,P ＜ 0.05).After 16 weeks of treatment,7 patients were partially responsive,22 cases had a complete remission,and the invalid case was only one.Followed up for 24 weeks,6 patients were partially responsive,24 cases had a complete remission.After 16 weeks of treatment,there were statistical differences in AUC among patients with complete response,partial response or no remission.And after 24 weeks,the patients between complete remission and partial remission had no statistically significant difference in the AUC.After 16 weeks and 24 weeks,T1/2 and Cmax had no statistical differences among those groups of patients.Adverse reactions included leukopenia (3 cases,10.00％),gastrointestinal symptoms (4 cases,13.33％) and respiratory tract infection (6 cases,20.00％).There was no statistical relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and the occurrence of adverse reactions.Single factor analysis showed that there was a statistical significance between ALB,urine protein quantity and treatment effect,but multi-factor analysis showed that the relation between factors and therapeutic effect had no statistical significance.Conclusions HPLC method can be used for the detection of cyclophosphamide blood drug concentration.The cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetic status of children and adult is similar.ALB and T1/2 show a linear positive correlation.Single factor analysis shows a correlation between ALB and treatment effect.Therefore,the increasing level of plasma propagated before treatment can improve therapeutic effect possibly.Cyclophosphamide pharmacokinetic status has nothing to do with the occurrence of adverse drug reactions in the study.