Due to the complex structure and function of the kidneys, the mechanism of kidney disease is unclear. In particular, transcriptomics approaches at the bulk level are unable to differentiate primary autonomous responses, which lead to disease development, from secondary cell non-autonomous responses. Single-cell analysis techniques can overcome the limitations inherent in the measurement of heterogeneous cell populations and clarify the central issues in kidney biology and disease pathogenesis. Single-cell sequencing helps in identifying disease-related biomarkers and pathways, stratifying patients, and deciding on appropriate treatment methods. Here we review a variety of single-cell analysis techniques and single-cell transcriptomics studies performed in the field of nephrology. Moreover, we discuss the future prospects of single-cell analysis-based precision medicine in nephrology.

Due to the complex structure and function of the kidneys, the mechanism of kidney disease is unclear. In particular, transcriptomics approaches at the bulk level are unable to differentiate primary autonomous responses, which lead to disease development, from secondary cell non-autonomous responses. Single-cell analysis techniques can overcome the limitations inherent in the measurement of heterogeneous cell populations and clarify the central issues in kidney biology and disease pathogenesis. Single-cell sequencing helps in identifying disease-related biomarkers and pathways, stratifying patients, and deciding on appropriate treatment methods. Here we review a variety of single-cell analysis techniques and single-cell transcriptomics studies performed in the field of nephrology. Moreover, we discuss the future prospects of single-cell analysis-based precision medicine in nephrology.

Objectives: Distributed research networks (DRNs) facilitate multicenter research by enabling the use of multicenter data; therefore, they are increasingly utilized in healthcare fields. Despite the numerous advantages of DRNs, it is crucial to understand researchers' acceptance of these networks to ensure their effective application in multicenter research. In this study, we sought to identify the factors influencing the adoption of DRNs among researchers in Korea. Methods: We used snowball sampling to collect data from 149 researchers between July 7 and August 28, 2020. Five factors were used to formulate the hypotheses and research model: data accessibility, usefulness, ease of use, data security risk, and intention to use DRNs. We applied a structural equation model to identify relationships within the research model. Results: Data accessibility and data security were critical to the acceptance and use of DRNs. The usefulness of DRNs partially mediated the relationship between data accessibility and the intention to use DRNs. Interestingly, ease of use did not influence the intention to use DRNs, but it was affected by data accessibility. Furthermore, ease of use impacted the perceived usefulness of DRNs. Conclusions This study highlighted major factors that can promote the broader adoption and utilization of DRNs. Consequently, these findings can contribute to the expansion of active multicenter research using DRNs in the field of healthcare research.

BACKGROUND: It has been well known that the degree of HLA matching in renal transplantation is important in graft and patient survival. Because HLA-identical living-related donor grafts are free from immunological attacks, they have benefits of one immunosuppressants or early withdrawal of steroids. However, there is acute rejection due to early withdrawal of immunosuppressants and graft loss due to recurrent glomerulonephritis following HLA- identical living-related renal transplantation. The purpose of this study is to determine the graft survival and the impact of recurrent glomerulonephritis on graft survival in HLA-identical living-related donor grafts. METHODS: From December 1984 to March 2004, 44 HLA-identical and 80 HLA-haploidentical living- related renal transplants in Bongsaeng Memorial Hospital were included in this study. We evaluated graft survivals, immunosuppressants and causes of graft failure. RESULTS: The mean graft survival for HLA-identical transplants is 198 months (16.5 years) and for HLA-haploidentical transplants is 166 months (13.8 years), respectively (p=NS). Acute rejection episodes occurred in 2 of the 44 (5%) identical transplants and 17 of the 80 (21%) haploidentical transplants, respectively (p=0.013). 6 grafts were lost in HLA- identical transplants and the causes are 4 recurrent glomerulonephritis (66.7%), 2 chronic rejections (33.4 %). 11 grafts were lost in HLA-haploidentical transplants and the causes are 6 chronic rejections (54.5 %), 1 acute rejection (9.1%), 1 drug toxicity (9.1%), 3 patient deaths (27.3%). Recurrent glomerulonephritis in HLA-identical transplants are three, but in HLA-haploidentical transplants are none. CONCLUSION: Our data revealed that there was no difference in graft survival between the two groups, but lower acute rejection rate in HLA-identical groups. Recurrent glomerulonephritis was the main cause of graft failure in HLA-identical groups and the impact of recurrent disease on graft survival needs to be investigated.
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Glomerulonephritis ; Graft Survival ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; Kidney Transplantation ; Steroids ; Tissue Donors* ; Transplants

Objective: : The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of sphenoid wing meningioma with periorbital invasion (PI) after operation. Methods: : Sixty one patients with sphenoid wing meningioma were enrolled in this study. Their clinical conditions were monitored after the operation and followed up more than 5 years at the outpatient clinic of a single institution. Clinical and radiologic information of the patients were all recorded including the following parameters : presence of PI, presence of peri-tumor structure invasion, pathologic grade, extents of resection, presence of hyperostosis, exophthalmos index (EI), and surgical complications. We compared the above clinical parameters of the patients with sphenoid wing meningioma in the presence or absence of PI (non-PI), then linked the analyzed data with the clinical outcome of the patients. Results: : Of 61 cases, there were 14 PI and 47 non-PI patients. PI group showed a significantly higher score of EI (1.37±0.24 vs. 1.00±0.01, p<0.001), more frequent presence of hyperostosis (85.7% vs. 14.3%, p<0.001), and lower rate of gross total resection (GTR) (35.7% vs. 68.1%, p=0.032). The lower score of pre-operative EI, the absence of both PI and hyperostosis, smaller tumor size, and the performance of GTR were associated with lower recurrence rates in the univariate analysis. However, in the multivariate analysis, the performance of GTR was the only significant factor to determine the recurrence rate (p=0.043). The incidences of surgical complications were not statistically different between the subtotal resection (STR) and GTR groups, but it was strongly associated tumor size (p=0.017). Conclusion : The GTR group showed lower recurrence rate than the STR group without differences in the surgical complications. Therefore, the GTR is strongly recommended to treat sphenoid wing meningioma with PI for the better clinical outcome.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cochlear dead region (CDR) is a region in the cochlear where hearing loss has occurred due to damage to the inner hair cells and/or neurons. Recently, a subjective test involving a pure-tone test in the presence of threshold-equalizing noise (TEN) was introduced to identify CDR. However, for uncooperative patients, such a subjective method would be unsuitable and objective methods would be needed instead to detect CDR. The acoustic change complex (ACC) is an evoked potential elicited by changes in the ongoing sound. In this study, we developed an objective method of identifying CDR by combining ACC response with a TEN test, namely the TEN-ACC test, and investigated its feasibility in normal-hearing listeners. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Ten normal-hearing subjects participated in this study. All subjects underwent both behavioral TEN test and electrophysiological TEN-ACC test. The stimuli for the TEN-ACC test consisted of TEN and embedded pure tones with different frequencies/signals to noise ratios (SNRs). To identify the thresholds, the range SNR of stimulation was varied from 0 to 20 dB, in stages of 4 dB. RESULTS: The ACC responses of all subjects who participated in this study were well elicited by stimuli developed for the TEN-ACC test. We confirm that the pure-tones embedded in TEN elicited the objective ACC response. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that the novel TEN-ACC test can be applied to evoke ACC in normal-hearing listeners. Future research should incorporate hearing-impaired listeners to determine the feasibility of the TEN-ACC test as an objective method to identify CDR.
Acoustics* ; Evoked Potentials ; Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner ; Hearing Loss ; Humans ; Methods ; Neurons ; Noise

Objective: Smartphones have become common, and problematic smartphone use (PSU) is increasing. Predictors of PSU should be identified to prevent it. Little is known about the role of content types of smartphone use as predictors of PSU. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the predictors of two proposed concepts of PSU, namely habitual smartphone behavior (SB) and addictive SB, within the context of the application (app) categories. Methods: We studied 1,039 smartphone users using online surveys conducted between January 2 and 31, 2019. We employed multiple regression analysis to identify the predictors of habitual and addictive SB. We controlled for sex and age (mean=39.20). Results: Common predictors of habitual and addictive SB were the use of social networking services, games, entertainment apps, and average weekend smartphone usage time. The predictors of habitual SB were the use of web and lifestyle apps, weekly usage frequency, and sex (female) and the predictors of addictive SB were the use of shopping apps and sleep duration. Conclusion This study revealed the need to consider habitual and addictive SB in evaluating PSU. The predictors in terms of the content types of smartphone usage can be used to develop monitoring and prevention services for PSU.

Brain metastasis (BM), classified as a secondary brain tumor, is the most common malignant central nervous system tumor whose median overall survival is approximately 6 months. However, the survival rate of patients with BMs has increased with recent advancements in immunotherapy and targeted therapy. This means that clinicians should take a more active position in the treatment paradigm that passively treats BMs. Because patients with BM are treated in a variety of clinical settings, treatment planning requires a more sophisticated decision-making process than that for other primary malignancies. Therefore, an accurate prognostic prediction is essential, for which a graded prognostic assessment that reflects next-generation sequencing can be helpful. It is also essential to understand the indications for various treatment modalities, such as surgical resection, stereotactic radiosurgery, and whole-brain radiotherapy and consider their advantages and disadvantages when choosing a treatment plan. Surgical resection serves a limited auxiliary function in BM, but it can be an essential therapeutic approach for increasing the survival rate of specific patients; therefore, this must be thoroughly recognized during the treatment process. The ultimate goal of surgical resection is maximal safe resection; to this end, neuronavigation, intraoperative neuro-electrophysiologic assessment including evoked potential, and the use of fluorescent materials could be helpful. In this review, we summarize the considerations for neurosurgical treatment in a rapidly changing treatment environment.

The entanglement of multiple central venous catheters is a rare and seriouscomplication. The Swan-Ganz catheter is a responsible for various cases.Case: A 66-year-old male patient was under general anesthesia for a coronary artery bypassgraft surgery. As he had a pre-existing Perm catheter in the right subclavian vein, a SwanGanz catheter was inserted into the left internal jugular vein. Chest radiograph after catheterplacement revealed that the Perm catheter had migrated to the left brachiocephalic vein.The surgeon attempted to reposition it manually, but postoperative radiograph showed thatit had rolled into a loop. On postoperative day 1, radiological intervention was performed tountangle the loop, which was successful.Conclusions: After placing a Swan-Ganz catheter in patients with a pre-existing central venous catheter, the presence of entanglement should be assessed. In such cases, radiology-guided correction is recommended, as a blind attempt to disentangle can aggravate thecondition.

Treatments of choice for cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) infections are the removal of the entire CIED system, control of infection, and new device implantation. Occasionally, a complete CIED removal can not be performed for several reasons, such as very old age, severe comobidity, limited life expectancy, or refusal by a patient. We encountered a male patient who developed traumatic CIED infection five years after cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. An intravenous electrode could not be removed by a simple transvenous extraction procedure, and he refused surgical removal of the remnant electrode. After control of local infection, the tips of the electrode were separated and buried between muscles, and the wound was closed with a local flap. CIED infection did not recur for 12 months even without relying on long-term antimicrobial treatment.
Defibrillators, Implantable ; Disulfiram ; Electrodes ; Electrodes, Implanted ; Electronics ; Electrons ; Humans ; Life Expectancy ; Male ; Muscles