1.Hemodynamic Measurement Using Four-Dimensional Phase-Contrast MRI: Quantification of Hemodynamic Parameters and Clinical Applications.
Hojin HA ; Guk Bae KIM ; Jihoon KWEON ; Sang Joon LEE ; Young Hak KIM ; Deok Hee LEE ; Dong Hyun YANG ; Namkug KIM
Korean Journal of Radiology 2016;17(4):445-462
Recent improvements have been made to the use of time-resolved, three-dimensional phase-contrast (PC) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is also named four-dimensional (4D) PC-MRI or 4D flow MRI, in the investigation of spatial and temporal variations in hemodynamic features in cardiovascular blood flow. The present article reviews the principle and analytical procedures of 4D PC-MRI. Various fluid dynamic biomarkers for possible clinical usage are also described, including wall shear stress, turbulent kinetic energy, and relative pressure. Lastly, this article provides an overview of the clinical applications of 4D PC-MRI in various cardiovascular regions.
Biomarkers
;
Hemodynamics*
;
Hydrodynamics
;
Magnetic Resonance Imaging*
Result Analysis
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