OBJECTIVES: Radiation therapy has multiple roles in the treatment of meningioma although surgery remains the primary treatment of choice. In this retrospective study, we report the results of radiation therapy for meningioma as definitive, postoperative or salvage therapies. METHODS: Seventeen patients diagnosed with meningioma were treated with radiation therapy in our institute from May 2000 to October 2009. Radiation therapies were performed as definitive therapies in 8 patients, as postoperative therapies in 5 and as salvage therapies in 4. Nine patients received stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), 2 patients fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (FSRT), and 5 patients 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT). Radiation dose were 12 to 20 Gy for SRS, 36 Gy in 9 fractions for FSRT and 50.4 Gy in 28 fractions for 3DCRT. Follow-up imaging study of computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging was performed at 6 to 12 months intervals and neurologic exam was performed with an interval less than 6 months. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 38 months (range, 12 to 85 months). Tumor progression after radiation therapy developed in one patient. The reduction of tumor volume measured on follow-up images were more than 20% in 4 patients and minimal change of tumor volume less than 20% were observed in 12 patients. Peritumoral edema developed in 4 patients and disappeared without any treatment. One patient had radiation necrosis. CONCLUSION: Our experience is consistent with the current understanding that radiotherapy is as an effective and safe treatment modality for meningiomas when the tumor cannot be resected completely or when recurred after surgery.
Brain Edema ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Meningioma* ; Radiosurgery ; Radiotherapy* ; Radiotherapy, Conformal ; Retrospective Studies ; Salvage Therapy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Tumor Burden

HilA is a central regulator of Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1), which is necessary for host invasion by Salmonella and induction of gastroenteritis. The iagB lies downstream of hilA and is thought to be co-transcribed with hilA, but iagB expression has not yet been analyzed directly. In this study, iagB expression in various mutant strains was measured to determine whether the expression pattern was similar to that of hilA. A β-galactosidase assay revealed that iagB expression was greater under shaking than standing culture condition. iagB expression was decreased in relA/spoT and ihfB mutants but not in luxS mutant, in line with previous reports on hilA expression. The hilA and iagB mRNA levels decreased by approximately 2-fold in arcA mutant grown aerobically and increased by approximately 10-fold in fnr mutant grown anaerobically. Although the fold changes in hilA and iagB mRNA level differed in hfq mutant strain, the patterns of time- and Hfq-dependent regulation were similar for both genes. Thus, iagB and hilA exhibited similar expression patterns in various mutational backgrounds and under different growth condition.
Gastroenteritis ; Genomic Islands* ; RNA, Messenger ; Salmonella typhimurium ; Salmonella* ; Virulence*

Liver cancer occurs very frequently worldwide and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for more than 80% of total primary liver cancer cases. In this study, the anticarcinogenic effects of resveratrol against hepatitis B virus (HBV)-induced HCC were investigated by using HBV X-protein-overexpressing Huh7 (Huh7-HBx) human hepatoma cells. MTT assay showed that resveratrol decreased cell viability. Fluorescence-activated cell-sorter analysis showed that resveratrol induced G1 cell cycle arrest without increasing the sub-G1 phase cell population. Therefore, we evaluated its effect on regulation of cyclin D1, which is critically involved in G1/S transition. Resveratrol lowered cyclin D1 transcription. Western blot analysis of the effects of resveratrol on upstream cyclin D1 transcriptional signaling, extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), p90(RSK), Akt, and p70(S6K) revealed inhibition of Akt but not the ERK signaling pathway. Collectively, the results indicate that resveratrol inhibits Huh7-HBx proliferation by decreasing cyclin D1 expression through blockade of Akt signaling. We investigated the anticarcinogenic effect and mechanism of resveratrol in xenograft model mice implanted with Huh7-HBx cells. Intraperitoneal resveratrol injection reduced tumor size in the mice. Expression of survivin was reduced, but cyclin D1 was not affected. The results demonstrate that resveratrol treatment may help manage HBV-induced HCC by regulating survivin.
Animals ; Anticarcinogenic Agents ; Blotting, Western ; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular* ; Cell Survival ; Cyclin D1 ; G1 Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis* ; Heterografts ; Humans ; Liver Neoplasms ; Mice ; Phosphotransferases ; Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa

OBJECTIVE: Both clinical and biological factors influence the course of depressive disorders. This study tested for associations between the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene at the Val66Met locus and the course of major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS: Three hundred ten Korean subjects (209 patients, 101 controls) were genotyped for rs6265 at nucleotide 196 (G/A), which produces an amino acid substitution at codon 66 (Val66Met) of the gene for BDNF. Course of illness was evaluated both by chronicity of current episode (episode duration >24 months) and by the lifetime history of recurrences. RESULTS: Patients with the Met/Met BDNF genotype had a significantly higher rate of chronic depression than all others. There was a significant dose effect of the Met allele on chronicity. Compared with the Val/Val genotype, the relative risk of chronicity was 1.67 for the Val/Met genotype, and 2.58 for the Met/Met genotype. Lifetime history of recurrent episodes was not related to BDNF genotypes but was significantly associated with younger age of onset and with a history of depression in first degree relatives. CONCLUSION: BDNF genotyping may be informative for anticipating chronicity in major depression.
Age of Onset ; Alleles ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Biological Factors ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Codon ; Depression ; Depressive Disorder ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Genotype ; Humans

Background and Objectives: Flavonoids form the largest group of plant phenols and have various biological and pharma-cological activities. In this study, we investigated the effect of a flavonoid, 3, 4’-dihydroxyflavone (3, 4’-DHF) on osteogenic differentiation of equine adipose-derived stromal cells (eADSCs). Methods: and Results: Treatment of 3, 4’-DHF led to increased osteogenic differentiation of eADSCs by increasing phosphorylation of ERK and modulating Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation. Although PD98059, an ERK inhibitor, suppressed osteogenic differentiation, another ERK inhibitor, U0126, apparently increased osteogenic differentiation of the 3, 4’-DHF-treated eADSCs, which may indicate that the effect of U0126 on bone morphogenetic protein signaling is involved in the regulation of 3, 4’-DHF in osteogenic differentiation of eADSCs. We revealed that 3, 4’-DHF could induce osteogenic differentiation of eADSCs by suppressing ROS generation and co-treatment of 3, 4’-DHF, U0126, and/or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) resulted in the additive enhancement of osteogenic differentiation of eADSCs. Conclusions Our results showed that co-treatment of 3, 4’-DHF, U0126, and/or NAC cumulatively regulated osteo-genesis in eADSCs, suggesting that 3, 4’-DHF, a flavonoid, can provide a novel approach to the treatment of osteoporosis and can provide potential therapeutic applications in therapeutics and regenerative medicine for human and companion animals.

Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13B (VPS13B), also known as COH1, is one of the VPS13 family members which is involved in transmembrane transport, Golgi integrity, and neuritogenesis. Mutations in the VPS13B gene are associated with Cohen syndrome and other cognitive disorders such as intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the patho-physiology of VPS13B-associated cognitive deficits is unclear, in part, due to the lack of animal models. Here, we generated a Vps13b exon 2 deletion mutant mouse and analyzed the behavioral phenotypes. We found that Vps13b mutant mice showed reduced activity in open field test and significantly shorter latency to fall in the rotarod test, suggesting that the mutants have motor deficits. In addition, we found that Vps13b mutant mice showed deficits in spatial learning in the hidden platform version of the Morris water maze. The Vps13b mutant mice were normal in other behaviors such as anxiety-like behaviors, working memory and social behaviors. Our results suggest that Vps13b mutant mice may recapitulate key clinical symptoms in Cohen syndrome such as intellectual disability and hypotonia. Vps13b mutant mice may serve as a useful model to investigate the pathophysiology of VPS13B-associated disorders.
Animals ; Autism Spectrum Disorder ; Cognition Disorders ; Exons ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability ; Learning Disorders ; Memory, Short-Term ; Mice ; Models, Animal ; Muscle Hypotonia ; Phenotype ; Rotarod Performance Test ; Social Behavior ; Spatial Learning ; Water

BACKGROUND: There has been no practical guidelines for the management of patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors in Korea for many years. Thus, the Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology (KSNO), a multidisciplinary academic society, started to prepare guidelines for CNS tumors from February 2018. METHODS: The Working Group was composed of 35 multidisciplinary medical experts in Korea. References were identified through searches of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL using specific and sensitive keywords as well as combinations of keywords. RESULTS: First, the maximal safe resection if feasible is recommended. After the diagnosis of a glioblastoma with neurosurgical intervention, patients aged ≤70 years with good performance should be treated by concurrent chemoradiotherapy with temozolomide followed by adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy (Stupp's protocol) or standard brain radiotherapy alone. However, those with poor performance should be treated by hypofractionated brain radiotherapy (preferred)±concurrent or adjuvant temozolomide, temozolomide alone (Level III), or supportive treatment. Alternatively, patients aged >70 years with good performance should be treated by hypofractionated brain radiotherapy+concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide or Stupp's protocol or hypofractionated brain radiotherapy alone, while those with poor performance should be treated by hypofractionated brain radiotherapy alone or temozolomide chemotherapy if the patient has methylated MGMT gene promoter (Level III), or supportive treatment. CONCLUSION: The KSNO's guideline recommends that glioblastomas should be treated by maximal safe resection, if feasible, followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy according to the individual comprehensive condition of the patient.
Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Chemoradiotherapy ; Diagnosis ; Drug Therapy ; Glioblastoma ; Humans ; Korea ; Radiotherapy

BACKGROUND: There was no practical guideline for the management of patients with central nervous system tumor in Korea for many years. Thus, the Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology (KSNO), a multidisciplinary academic society, has developed the guideline for glioblastoma. Subsequently, the KSNO guideline for World Health Organization (WHO) grade II cerebral glioma in adults is established. METHODS: The Working Group was composed of 35 multidisciplinary medical experts in Korea. References were identified by searching PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases using specific and sensitive keywords as well as combinations of keywords regarding diffuse astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma of brain in adults. RESULTS: Whenever radiological feature suggests lower grade glioma, the maximal safe resection if feasible is recommended globally. After molecular and histological examinations, patients with diffuse astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wildtype without molecular feature of glioblastoma should be primarily treated by standard brain radiotherapy and adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy (Level III) while those with molecular feature of glioblastoma should be treated following the protocol for glioblastomas. In terms of patients with diffuse astrocytoma, IDH-mutant and oligodendroglioma (IDH-mutant and 1p19q codeletion), standard brain radiotherapy and adjuvant PCV (procarbazine+lomustine+vincristine) combination chemotherapy should be considered primarily for the high-risk group while observation with regular follow up should be considered for the low-risk group. CONCLUSION: The KSNO's guideline recommends that WHO grade II gliomas should be treated by maximal safe resection, if feasible, followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy according to molecular and histological features of tumors and clinical characteristics of patients.
Adult ; Astrocytoma ; Brain ; Central Nervous System ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Follow-Up Studies ; Glioblastoma ; Glioma ; Humans ; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase ; Korea ; Oligodendroglioma ; Radiotherapy ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUND: There was no practical guideline for the management of patients with central nervous system tumor in Korea in the past. Thus, the Korean Society for Neuro-Oncology (KSNO), a multidisciplinary academic society, developed the guideline for glioblastoma successfully and published it in Brain Tumor Research and Treatment, the official journal of KSNO, in April 2019. Recently, the KSNO guideline for World Health Organization (WHO) grade III cerebral glioma in adults has been established. METHODS: The Working Group was composed of 35 multidisciplinary medical experts in Korea. References were identified by searches in PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases using specific and sensitive keywords as well as combinations of keywords. Scope of the disease was confined to cerebral anaplastic astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma in adults. RESULTS: Whenever radiological feature suggests high grade glioma, maximal safe resection if feasible is globally recommended. After molecular and histological examinations, patients with anaplastic astrocytoma, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant should be primary treated by standard brain radiotherapy and adjuvant temozolomide chemotherapy whereas those with anaplastic astrocytoma, NOS, and anaplastic astrocytoma, IDH-wildtype should be treated following the protocol for glioblastomas. In terms of anaplastic oligodendroglioma, IDH-mutant and 1p19q-codeletion, and anaplastic oligodendroglioma, NOS should be primary treated by standard brain radiotherapy and neoadjuvant or adjuvant PCV (procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine) combination chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: The KSNO's guideline recommends that WHO grade III cerebral glioma of adults should be treated by maximal safe resection if feasible, followed by radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy according to molecular and histological features of tumors.
Adult ; Astrocytoma ; Brain ; Brain Neoplasms ; Central Nervous System ; Drug Therapy ; Drug Therapy, Combination ; Glioblastoma ; Glioma ; Humans ; Isocitrate Dehydrogenase ; Korea ; Lomustine ; Oligodendroglioma ; Radiotherapy ; World Health Organization