Multidrug resistance (MDR)has been a main reason for the failure of leukemia chemotherapy.The generation of MDR in leukemia is directly related to the transportation of drug efflux of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)on cell membrane surface.Many signaling pathways such as MAPK、NF-κB、Hedgehog、Wnt/β-catenin、 and PI3K/Akt involves in regulating of P-gp expression.Meanwhile, regulation factors including Stats、 microR-NA、TRAIL and HDACs are closely related to the P-gp expression.This review briefly discusses the progress of the regulatory mechanisms of P-gp in MDR of leukemia.

Objective To provide a specific,sensitive,reproducible HPLC method for the determination of doxepin in urine and whole blood with doxapram as the internal standard.Methods The sample preparation was simple and time-saving by using an Oasis pretreatment cartridge.Separations were achieved by a Lichrospher  100 RP-18e (250mm?4.0mm,5?m)column kept at 50 ℃,and the DAD detector was set at 230nm and 250nm.Results The detection limit was 2 ng/ml in urine and whole blood.The results showed excellent linearity.The relative standard deviation of between-day and within-day assay was Less than 6.75%,and absolute recoveries were higher than 85%.Conclusion The method for determination of doxepin in urine and whole blood is effective,simple and reliable,which may be applicable to the practical cases.

Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(T.C.M) researches into the measures of educating innovational students in order to heighten teaching energy and adapt to society need.The content refers to course plan,teaching content,teaching material,clinical teaching,teaching admin,campus culture and so on.According the result of research,we will keep on innovating to inspire innovational energy of students.

ObjectiveTo investigate the degree of acceptance of Emergency Medicine and the abilities of first aid in senior medical students, and study the methods of how to improve their abilities and skills.MethodsA random sample survey methodology.ResultsA total of 146 medical students of clinical medicine were surveyed.99.32％ of student believed that emergency medicine was essential and necessary in their learning process.The knowledge of first aid would play important role for their future work.55.48％ of students considered that there were partial overlaps in teaching content in emergency medicine and internal medical and surgery.Senior medical students accessed to knowledge mainly through books,followed by the Internet,television and newspapers and their first aid knowledge and skills were poor.ConclusionEmergency medical teaching should be focused on highlighting its characteristics.The visualization of the operation and standardized assessment will help to strengthen students' mastery of first-aid knowledge and skills.

OBJECTIVE:To optimize freeze-drying technology of albendazole nanosuspension so as to prepare albendazole nanometer powder. METHODS:By adopting freeze-drying method,with particle size and Zeta potential as the indexes,single fac-tor test and verification were made on pre-freezing temperature and the type,ratio and mass fraction of cryoprotectants,and then the albendazole nanosuspension prepared by liquid phase precipitation method was made into albendazole nanometer powder. RE-SULTS:When the pre-freezing temperature was-20℃and the cryoprotectant was 4%glucose-mannitol(3∶7),the average parti-cle size of the prepared nanometer powder was (208.03 ± 2.13) nm,and average Zeta potential was (-15.53 ± 0.18) mV. CON-CLUSIONS:Albendazole nanometer powder with better particle size and potential can be prepared by freeze-drying technology.

Objective To observe the tendency of the plasma concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) before and after thrombolytic treatment of acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to explore their recanalization predictive value of PAI-1 and TAFI for acute myocardial infarction patients with thrombolytic treatment.Methods Sixty patients,who received thromobolytic treatment from January 2007 to March 2009,were prospectively recruited.The blood sample were collected within 2 hours of thromobolytic treatment ( 0,0.5 h,1 h,1.5 h and 2 h).The plasma concentration of TAFI and PAI-1 were test by ELISA.16 healthy people were recruited as control group.Results The plasma levels of PAI-1 in STEMI patients before thrombolytic treatment were higher than those of Control group ( P ＜0.01 ),however the same significant change of TAFI level was not seen.The levels of TAFI were no significant difference before and after thrombolytic therapy during whole observation periods.However,the level of PAI-1 increased at 1.5 h and 2 h after thrombolytic therapy (P ＜ 0.01 ).The plasma PAI-1 levels of no - revascularigation group at 2 h after thrombolytic therapy were significant higher than that in revascularization group ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The levels of TAFI were not significantly different between two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions The decrease of plasma PAI-1 from high level within 2 hours after thrombolysis treament may be exploring the predictive value for revascularization.The tendency of TAFI can' t forecast the result of revascularization.

Objective To investigate the in vitro inhibitory effects of regulatory T cells ( Treg ) from unpregnant mice and pregnancy-induced regulatory T cells ( piTreg) on the proliferation of na?ve T cells and their differences .Methods The numbers of piTreg cells from allogeneic pregnant mice ( C57/B6 fe-male×BALB/c male) on day 12.5 (E12.5d) of gestation and Treg cells from unpregnant C57/B6 mice were detected respectively by flow cytometry .The percentages of piTreg cells and Treg cells in CD 4+T cells of age-matched female mice and their intracellular expression of Foxp 3 were analyzed .The in vitro inhibitory effects of piTreg cells and Treg cells on the CFSE-labeled na?ve T cells ( effector cells ) were compared in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture system using mitomycin C-inactivated CD4-T cells as stimulator cells . Results The level of piTreg cells in splenic mononuclear cells was significantly higher than that of Treg cells (P<0.001) from normal mice.Foxp3 was highly expressed in both piTreg cells and Treg cells , howev-er slightly increased in piTreg cells .Moreover , piTreg cells had a significant stronger in vitro inhibitory effect on na?ve T cells proliferation than that of Tregs cells (P<0.006), which was in a cell-dependent manner. Conclusion The present study suggests that the piTreg cells have a stronger inhibitory effect on na ?ve T cell proliferation as compared with Terg cells from unpregnant mice , The differential activity of CD 4+CD25+Treg might be mediated by the paternal antigens during pregnancy .

The present study examined the protective effect of the ethanol extract of Sarcopyramis nepalensis (EESN) on agents-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and the possible mechanism. Acute liver injury was induced by administration of either CCl(4) or D-GalN. The animals were divided into 5 groups in terms of different treatment: normal group, CCl(4) or D-GalN group, silymarin or bifendate group, low dose EESN group (10 mg/kg) and high dose EESN group (30 mg/kg). Liver function was evaluated by detecting the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The oxidize stress markers were measured, including malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Liver tissues were histopathologically examined by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The acute toxicity study revealed that there was no toxicity of EESN at the dose of 5 g/kg in mice. The levels of ALT and AST in serum, and the MDA level in live tissues were significantly increased and the activities of SOD and GSH substantially decreased in mice after CCl(4) or D-GalN treatment. These biochemical and oxidize stress markers were profoundly improved after treatment with EESN at different doses, which was similar to the results of silymarin or bifendate treatment. The histophathological examination revealed the significant improvement in the pathological changes of the liver in EESN-treated mice as compared to those in CCl(4) or D-GalN group. It was concluded that EESN possesses potential antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties and has therapeutic potential for liver diseases.

Objective To investigate the role of Calcineurin binding protein 1(Cabin1)in podocyte mito-chondrial dysfunction. Methods Cultured podocytes were injured by AngiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ).Cells were harvest-ed after 0 h,24 h and 48 h after AngⅡstimulating.Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the disrup-tion of actin cytoskeleton,as well as the distribution of Cabin1.Western bolt was applied to detect the level of cyto-chrome c and Cabin1 protein in podocytes. Results AngⅡremarkably caused podocyte damage in a time depen-dent manner. Phalloidin staining displayed strong and long bundles of intracellular actin filaments in untreated cells. AngⅡ induced the loss of the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton and the reorganized of actin cytoskeleton at 24 and 48h. In normal podocytes,Cabin1 evenly localized in the cytoplasm and nuclei. AngⅡinduced strong staining of Cabin1 in podocytes nuclei. Cytochrome c and Cabin1 protein expression apparently increased in AngⅡ injuried podocyte.Ctyochrome c protein obviously increased in cells at 24 h and 48 h after AngⅡstimulating,which were as 1.51 and 1.87 times as the normal control group(P < 0.05). Similarly,the expression of Cabin1 were as 1.33 and 1.67 times respectively in 24 h and 48 h while compared to the normal control group(P < 0.05). Conclu-sion Cabin1 was overexpressed during podocyte mitochondrial dysfunction.It could be a crucial factor which regu-lates mitochondrial function during podocyte damage.

Objective To investigate the incidence of genotypes related to analgesia and muscle relax effects,and to review the genetic polymorphism of OPRM1,CYP3A4 * 1G,SLCO1B1 and ABCB1 in Han population in North-western China.Methods The genotypes of OPRM1,CYP3A4 * 1G,SLCO1B1 and ABCB1 in patients born in North-western China between September,2016 and May,2017 were reviewed.North-western China was defined as Shaanxi,Gansu,Ningxia,Qinghai and Xinjiang Provinces.The distribution of genotypes was recorded.And the differences between male and female patients were compared.Results The frequency was 42.11％ for AG genotype and 12.14％ for GG genotype of OPRM1 (118A＞G).For CYP3A4 * 1G,the frequencies of CC,TT,TC and CT were 29.69％,4.17％,65.67％ and 0.47％,respectively.For ABCB1,the frequencies of CC,TT,TC and CT were 13.07％,44.60％,0.28％ and 42.05％,respectivsly.For SLCO1B1,AG genotype appeared in 37.44 ％ of the patients,GG genotype appeared in 55.21％ of the patients.There was no difference between the male and the female patients.Conclusion Genotypes related to change of susceptibility to opioids including fentanyl and rocuronium were detected in high percentage of patients in North-western China,indicating that SNP assay for instruction of anesthetic practice be of value.