Symbiotic modern scienee and technology with convergence of disciplines are accelerating professional doctor cultivation.In addition,market pressure is also calling for high quality talents for practice.Professional doctors with high degree should possess specified research skills,comprehensive knowledge,occupational quality and professional ability,and the integration of all these so that they can provide extraordinary service for the society.This paper,fiom perspective of knowledge production model Ⅱ,discusses occupational features of professional doctors,the value and cultural identification of professional doctors,and higher education unable to place oneself outside the market competition.It is necessary to make clear the educational target,establish the efficiently educational system and regulations of professional doctor education.

Brief descriptions were made on the paper format of articles and letters in Nature magazine including title,author, affiliation, text, references, author information and contributions. It was important for authors to have an overview of principles and standards for paper adopted by Nature, that is, to follow characteristics of the originality, intersection,readability, novelty and ingenuity. At the same time, attention must be paid to the format and manuscript details. As the essence of the details and specification were rigorous, rigorous details would ensure the perfectly unified content and form.

Cultures of traditional Chinese and Western medicine are the different ones of a same kind (medicine) but from the different sources. Their respective advantages, complement and unity are rooted in the differences of the two distinctive cultures. Preventive- biomedical - psychological -social behavior patterns of medicine is a unity of contradictions. Integration of what is different can generate the new while what is exactly the same can hardly be developed. A unity of contradictions of cognitive power is tending to a higher realm beyond both medicines.

Objective To analyse the pregnancy rate after treatment of tubal pregnancy with the systemic methotrexate (MTX) injection Methods From March 1985 to August 1999, 129 women with confirmed unruptured tubal pregnancy,and desiring to conceive were selected Among them 60 women were successfully treated with systemic MTX, and 69 with unilateral salpingectomy All cases were followed up for 1～15 years Results The rates of subsequent intrauterine pregnancies (IUP) in the MTX group was 73% (44 cases) and of recurrent extrauterine pregnancies (EP) was 8% (5 cases) Among 69 patients treated by salpingectomy, the rates of IUP and EP was 70% (48 cases) and 4% (3 cases) respectively The differences between the two groups were not statistically significant Conclusions The effect of conservative management with MTX was similar to those of salpingectomy The rate of subsequent pregnancy did not increased

Objective To establish a novel Monte Carlo simulation method for reconstruction of medical accelerator model and X?ray energy spectrum based on IAEA Varian 6 MV X?ray phase?space file and photon energy spectrum of the target accelerator. Methods The verified 6 MV X?ray phase?space files were preprocessed to elevate the energy of each particle. Particles were saved in different Phase?Space?Let ( PSL) files according to their position and energy, yielding an initial photon energy spectrum for Monte Carlo simulation of accelerator under an initial target energy. The initial photon energy spectrum was fit to a photon energy spectrum of an accelerator ( Elekta Precise 10 MV X?ray accelerator) under an unknown target energy to yield a fitting coefficient, which was the weight of each PSL. Finally, an accelerator model under an unknown target energy was reconstructed using the initial PSL files and the weight information. The percentage depth dose ( PDD) distribution was calculated in different square open fields. The effectiveness of this method was verified using one dimensional gamma passing rate. Results The peak position and overall distribution of the reconstructed 10 MV photon energy spectrum were in accordance with those of the verified 10 MV photon energy spectrum. The PDD calculated from the reconstructed 10 MV accelerator model agreed well with the measured PDD. The one?dimensional gamma passing rate was above 96%( 1%/1 mm, threshold=0%) . Conclusion The Monte Carlo reconstruction method proposed in this study is reliable, accurate, and effective.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of urinary kallidinogenase on the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury of rats.Methods Forty eight male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into four groups: sham operation group, model group,normal saline group andurinary kallidinogenase group.The middle cerebral artery occlusion reperfusion model was made by the suture method. After focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, the animals were neurologically assessed on a 5 point scale. The levels of Bcl-2 and Bax expression were measured by immunohistochemical and RT-PCR.Results In model and normal saline group, the expressions of positive Bcl-2 neurocytes and mRNA [(14.28±2.54)/HP, 0.551±0.068 and (16.54± 1.84)/HP, 0.585 ± 0.084] were significantly increased compared with the sham operation group [ (7.58 ± 0.97 )/HP、 0.324 ± 0.042] ( P ＜ 0.05 ) ; The expressions of Bax positive neurocytes and mRNA[( 24.38 ± 3.58 )/HP, 0.540±0.076 and (26.74 ±4.04) /HP, 0.527 ± 0.065] were significantly increased than the sham operation group [ (8.24±1.95 )个/HP, 0.309 ± 0.037] (P ＜0.05). After treatment with urinary kallidinogenase, the expressions of Bcl-2 positive neurocytes and mRNA [(25.61±3.41)/HP, 0.791 ±0.096] were upregulated ( P＜0.05), and the expressions of Bax positive neurocytes and mRNA [( 18.54 ± 2.38)/HP, 0.359±0.053] were down regulated (P＜0.05), compared with model group and normal saline group.ConclusionsUrinary kallidinogenase is significantly related to the upregulation of Bcl-2 expression and the downregulation of Bax expression, which suggest that urinary kallidinogenase could be related with the inhibitory effects on ischemic neurocyte apoptosis.

ObjectiveTo explore the changes of the levels of cytokines in patients with first-episode depression and the effect on the levels of cytokines after the treatment with duloxetine.MethodsThe serum levels of interleukin 1 ( IL-1 ),interleukin 6 ( IL-6 ),tumor necrosis factor-alpha ( TNF-αt ),interleukin4 ( IL-4 ),interleukin10(IL-10) were measured in 38 patients with depression before and after duloxetine treatment by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).HAMD score were assessed at pre- treatment and post-treatment to assess curative effect.The control group was 30 healthy individuals.All data were statisticaly analyzed by SPSS.ResultsBefore treatment,the HAMD score and the levels of serum IL-6,TNF-α,IL-1 in first-episode depressant patients were remarkablely higher than those in the control group( IL-6:( 10.66 ± 3.12 ) pg/ml vs (2.72 ± 0.91 ) pg/ml ;TNF-α:(77.49 ±3.12) pg/ml vs (37.48 ±5.87) pg/ml; IL-1:(39.09 ± 3.77 ) pg/ml vs ( 10.31 ± 1.05 ) pg/ml ),the levels of serum IL-4 and IL-10 in first-episode depressant patients were remarkablely lower than those in the control group(P＜0.05,P＜0.01 ).The HAMD score and the levels of serum IL-6,TNF-α,IL-1 in post-treatment were remarkablely lower than pre-treatment (P ＜ 0.05 ),but which were still higher than the control group(P＜ 0.05 ).The levels of serum IL-4 and IL-10 in post-treatment were remarkablely increased than pre-treatment(P＜0.05).The levels of serum IL-6,TNF-α,IL-1 were positively correlated with the HAMD score( r =0.667,0.486,0.727,P ＜0.01 ),but the levels of serum IL-4 and IL-10 were negatively correlated with the HAMD scorae ( r=-0.433,-0.269,P＜0.05,P＜ 0.01 ).ConclusionsThe first-episode depressant patients show immune disorder induced by cytokines.Anti-depressant activity of duloxetine may participate in the regulation of cytokines and Th1/Th2 unbalance.

Objective To test psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist-civilian version(PCL-C) among junior school students from earthquake-hit region.Methods PC L-C Chinese Version, Rosenberg self-esteem scale and SCL-90 were utilized to assess 560 junior school students from earthquake-hit region.Results Firstly,the internal consistency of the total scale and three subscales were qualified, the coefficient alphas were 0.890,0.734,0.789 and 0.722, respectively; 307 participants, from the first samples, engaged in the second test two months after the first assessment.The test-retest stability was re-experiencing 0.40(P ＜ 0.01 ) ,avoidance 0.45 (P＜ 0.01 ), hyper-arousal 0.448 (P ＜ 0.01 ), total scale 0.535 (P ＜ 0.01 ), respectively.Secondly, the results of criteria validity showed PCL-C and its three subscales had negative correlation with self-esteem (r =-0.192 ～-0.299, P ＜ 0.01 ), and had positive-related with SCL-90 and its subscales of depression, anxiety, and psychotic (r=0.563 ～0.775, P＜0.01 ).Finally,the results of empirical validity revealed that based on the score on PCL-Ccould differentiate those people who have significant different scores on SCL-90.Conclusions The PCL-C hadgood reliabilities and validities,which could be used to assess the severity of PTSD.

Objective To study the effects of treadmill training on the recovery of neurological function and the expression of IGF-1/IGF-1Rin the brain poat focal cerebral ischemia.Metheods Forty-two male,adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham group(n=6),a model group(n=18)and a treadmill exercises group(n=18).Focal cerebral ischemia was induced in the latter two groups by right middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO)using a modified Longa's metheod.The rats in the treadmill exercises group were given treadmill training 6 days a week for 4weeks beginning 24 h after the MCAO. Rats in the sham group and model groups were reared in standard cages and could move frddly. Before being sacrificed at the 7th 14th and 28th day after the MCAO,the rats' neurological function were tested giving modified neurological weverity scores (mNSS). The expression of IGF-1/IGF-1R was detected using the reverse transcriptsae polymersae chain reaction and immunohistochemical methods.Results Neurological runction in the exercises group at the 14th and 28th day was better than in the control group,and IGF-1 and IGF-1Rexpression were significcantly upregulated on the 7th,14th and 28th day after the MCAO.Conclusion Treadmill training can improve neurological function by upregulating the expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1R in the ischemic brain, at least in rats.

Objective To assess the effects of different administration timing of prophylactic antibiotics on infections after hip arthroplasty. Methods 535 patients having undergone arthroplasty were divided into two groups: the experiment group (n=273)and the control group (n=262): The former groupwere administered with antibiotics until 24 hours postoperatively and the latter until 72 hours postoperatively. The two groups were compared in terms of postoperative infection rate. Results The infection rates in the experimental groupand the control group were 4.396%and 3..817%, with insignificant differencebetween them. Conclusion For those patients undergoing hip arthroplasty, extended administration of antibiotics after operation (over 48 hours) may not reduce the risk of recent the infection rate.