Objective To compare the efficiency of gauze packing , internal iliac artery ligation and tran-scatheter arterial embolization for controlling pelvic fracture hemorrhoea .Methods The clinical data of 23 consecu-tive patients with pelvic fracture hemorrhoea were retrospectively analyzed .There were 8 patients who had undergone gauze packing,6 patients undergone artery ligation ,9 patients undergone angioembolization .The ISS,the preoperative shock index ,the operation time of control the shock ,the postoperative blood transfusion ,the days in ICU after opera-tion and the complication were all recorded respectively .Results The operation time of control the shock ,the postop-erative blood transfusion and the days in ICU after operation of the packing group were ( 70.00 ±24.50 ) min, (1 050.00 ±207.02) mL and (10.12 ±1.64) d;the ligation group were (40.83 ±12.01) min,(1 800.00 ± 400.00)mL and (11.17 ±1.72)d;the angioembolization group were (91.67 ±22.64)min,(1 644.44 ±421.64) mL and (7.22 ±1.56)d.The difference between the three groups had statistical significance with the indexes above all(F=10.323,9.265,12.235,all P<0.05),and the ligation group had the shortest operation time to control the shock,the packing group had the least postoperative blood transfusion ,the angioembolization group had the shortest days in ICU after operation .There were 4 cases in the packing group suffering the infection ,the infection rates as high as 50%,one of them died on the 8d;there were one case in the ligation group died of MODS on the 11th day. Conclusion The gauze packing is a sample and effective hemostasis ,suitable for the patients with open fracture and the fist aid for pelvic fracture in the basic level hospitals;the internal iliac artery ligation can control the shock timely but the hemostatic efficacy is not better than the other two kinds of operation; the transcatheter arterial embolization has micro injury and effective hemostatic efficacy ,however ,the strong profession and the lage difficulty may delay the patients'condition .So the doctors should use the methods of hemostasis flexiblely and comprehensively .

Objective To compare the clinical effect of PMMA bone cement augmented screw passageway and bone cement-injectable cannulated pedicle screw in treatment of degenerative lumbar disease with osteoporosis. Methods Forty-eight patients with lumbar degenerative disease accompanied with osteoporosis from June 2012 to March 2014 were selected, including 21 males and 27 females with an average age of 64.5 years ( ranged 54 -78 years).There were 17 cases of lumbar degenerative stenosis,18 cases of lumbar intervertebral disc herniation, 8 cases of lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis,and 5 cases of lumbar degenerative scoliosis.According to the opera-tion method,the patients were divided into two groups.23 cases in group A were treated with bone cement injectable cannulated pedicle screw and 25 cases in group B were treated with PMMA bone cement augmented screw passageway by used conventional screw.Operation time, amount of bleeding and hospitalization time were used to evaluate the clinical characteristics.Visual analogue scale( VAS) score and Oswestry disability index( ODI) were used to evaluate function recovery of post-operative pain and function.The height of intervertebral space,failure rate of internal fixa-tion and bone fusion rate were analyzed by X-ray films postoperative1,3,6,12 months and per year.Results All 48 cases were followed up for 1 -3.5 years.Operation time,amount of bleeding and the time of hospitalization of group A were significantly lower than those in group B(all P<0.05).The fusion rates of group A and group B were 94.6%and 90.2%,respectively.There was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).One case of group A had screw fracture,but group B did not appear this kind of situation(P<0.05).Three cases of group B had screw loosening or pullout,but that did not happen in group A.The loss of intervertebral height was (2.7 ±1.7) mm in group A,which in group B was (3.7 ±2.1) mm,there was significant difference between the two groups( P<0.05).According to VAS score and ODI,pain and function in both two groups were improved,but the effect of group A was better than group B(all P<0.05).Conclusion Bone cement-augmentation bone cementinje-ctable cannu-lated pedicle screw may be a safe and effective method in treatment of degenerative lumbar disease with osteoporosis.

Objective To investigate the different operative style for the intraspinal extramedullary neoplasms in the cervical vertebrae as well as evaluate the clinical effect of titanium net for spinal canal reconstruction and bone autograft after laminectomy. Methods Since March 2002 to September 2008, 26patents (14 men, 12 women) with the intraspinal extramedullary neoplasm in the cervical vertebrae. The average age was 38 years (range, 6-76 yr). According to Frankel classification, there were 26 cases for grade B before operation, 8 cases for grade C, 11 for grade D, and 4 for grade E. All patients underwent hemilaminectomy (as group HL) or total laminectomy combined with spinal canal reconstruction with titanium net (as group TL). Recovery of nerve function and bone fusion were recorded. Preoperative and postoperative cervical curvature index and ranges of neck motion were recorded and compared. Results Among the 3cases with incomplete paraplegia, neurological status ameliorated from Frankel grade B to C; 8 cases of Frankel grade C recovered to grade D; 11 cases of Frankel grade D improved to grade E in 10 cases and 1to grade D. Bone fusion was formed on the titanium net and spinal stability was well after operation. Loss of cervical curvature indices was 2.2±2.3 in group HL and 4.3±2.5 in group of TL, and the difference was of statistically significant (t=2.05,P＜0.05). At the same time, loss of ranges of neck motion was 1.3°±1.2°ingroup of HL and 9.2°±4.1°in group TL, significant difference was also seen (t=1.71 ,P＜ 0.05). Conclusion Hemi-laminectomy approach to intradural lesions lends itself well to eccentric tumors with smaller size. For the cases of total laminectomy, it is necessary and reliable to reconstitute integrity of spinal canal with titanium net and bone autograft.

Objective To report a method of handling dural injury with cerebrospinal fluid leakage during the spinal operation process and analyze its effect,to comparatively analyze with the existing methods and to find a better way processing this problem.Methods A total of 36 patients with dural injury and cerebrospinal fluid leakage during the spinal operation process were collected.Among these clinical cases,there were 15 males,21 females,age ranged from 26 to 78 years old,average 58 years old.During the spinal operation process,the injured dura was sutured or repaired.After that,the dural wound was glued with a piece of muscle or fascia by a kind of medical glue named KangPaiTe.After the operation,broad -spectrum antibiotics and timely fresh dressing changing for the wound were applied.The nature and volume of the drainage fluid was documented and analyzed.When the volume of the drainage fluid was below 50mL per day,the drainage tube was pulled away,and the incision of the drainage tube was sutured again.Results The cerebrospinal fluid leakage lasted from 0 day to 4 days,average 1.5 days;the drainage tube was placed from 1 day to 5 days,average 2 days;no wound infection and other complications occurred among all the clini-cal cases included in this study.Conclusion After the injured dura was sutured or repaired,gluing the dural wound with a slice of muscle or fascia by a kind of medical glue named Kangpaite is a better method of handling dural injury with cerebrospinal fluid leakage.

The process of intervertebral disc degeneration,which could result in intervertebral disc structural and functional change,is a chronic one with multiple factors.The pathophysiologic process is still not completely find out.More and more research reports manifest that certain gene polymorphism also lead to increased risk of intervertebral disc degeneration except environmental factors.Discussions about related genetic factors and their pathophysiological role in the process of degeneration could have a further understanding to disease development.Elucidating genetic components which are associated with degeneration could not only provide insights into the mechanism of the process,but also have clinical significance for early diagnosis and prevention.In order to have a thorough understanding of functional role played by different genes,this paper summarize polymorphism and disease correlation by selecting 15 genes after reviewed the related literature published in recent years.Genetic polymorphisms in 15 genes have been analyzed in association with intervertebral disc degeneration,including aggrecan,collagen Types Ⅰ,Ⅸ and Ⅺ,fibronectin,HAPLN 1,CILP,MMP-1,2 and 3,PARK2,IL-1,6 and VDR.Each genetic polymorphism codes for a protein which has a functional role in the pathogenesis of disease.Among the 15 genes analyzed,polymorphisms in aggrecan,Type Ⅸ collagen,MMP3,IL1,IL6 and VDR show the most promise as functional variants.Genetic studies are necessary for understanding the mechanism of the degeneration.Relevant genetic information could be used as a predictive model for determining individuals' risk for intervertebral disc degeneration eventually.

Objective To evaluate the method and curative effect of reconstruction with vascularized or nonvascularized autogenous fibular transplantation of radiocarpal joint after en bloc excision of giant cell tumor of distal radius.Methods Seventeen cases with giant cell tumor of distal radius bone were treated by en bloc resection and reconstruction of wrist joint with vascularized or non-vascularized autogenous fibular transplantation.Postoperative wrist joint function and radiographic outcomes were evaluated.Results Seventeen cases were followed up from 2.0 to 5.5 years (average 3.6 years).Three cases were treated by peroneal artery anastomosis and other 3 cases by inferior lateral genicular artery anastomosis.All cases achieved primary healing of incision and the radial average length that was en bloc excised was 7.6 cm.All of the transplanted fibulas were healed well.The bone healing average time of the vascularized fibular graft was 3.7 months,while that of the non-vascularized fibular graft was 7.9 months.No tumor recurrence or lung metastases was observed during the follow-up,but 1 wrist joint was narrowed and another had degeneration of the wrist.After 2 years of surgery,the average range of motion of the wrist joint was as follows:dorsiflexion 47°,flexion 30°,ulnar deviation 23°,radial deviation 14°,pronation 55°,supination 62°.The grip force was from 40％ to 80％ of the contralateral upper limb.The MSTS score averaged 87.6 ％ with 6 excellent,eight good and 3 satisfactory results.Disabilities of the Arm,Shoulder,and Hand (DASH) questionnaire score averaged 3.48.Conclusion The method of autogenous fibular transplantation and reconstruction of radiocarpal joint after en bloc excision of giant cell tumor of distal radius can save the wrist joint function in a certain extent.It is an effective method of the wrist joint function reconstruction and beneficial to bone healing with vascularized transplantation which has less complications.

Objective To evaluate the risk factors related to the failure of internal fixation for intertrochanteric fracture in Chinese patients.Methods A comprehensive Meta analysis of the clinical research from January 2005 to August 2016 on the failure of internal fixation for intertrochanteric fracture in Chinese patients was conducted after Pubmed,CNKI,Wanfang Data,et al.,had been searched.Revman5.0 was used to perform the heterogeneity test and calculate the OR value and 95％ CI after quality assessment and retrieval of the qualified data.Results Included for this analysis were 23 studies involving 4,031 patients of whom 588 failed.The factors related to the failure of internal fixation for intertrochanteric fracture included patient age [OR =0.51,95％ CI (0.30,0.90),P ＜ 0.05],osteoporosis [OR =1.91,95％ CI (1.05,3.47),P ＜0.05],fracture pattern[OR=0.23,95％ CI (0.18,0.30),P ＜0.05],quality of fracture reduction [OR =0.25,95％ CI (0.17,0.35),P ＜0.05],tip-apex distance (TAD) [OR =0.13,95％ CI (0.05,0.32),P ＜0.05],time for full weight bearing [OR=5.32,95％ CI (1.71,16.57),P ＜ 0.05],and associated internal diseases [OR =3.76,95％ CI (1.19,11.91),P ＜0.05].The relationship was not determined between the failure of internal fixation for intertrochanteric fracture and the following factors:gender [OR=0.78,95％ CI (0.54,1.11),P ＞ 0.05],injury cause [OR=1.68,95％ CI (0.66,4.25),P＞ 0.05] or type of internal fixation [OR=0.37,95％CI (0.06,2.14),P＞0.05].Conclusions High age,concomitant osteoporosis,complicated fracture pattern,unsatisfactory fracture reduction,TAD ≥ 25 mm,time for full weight bearing ＜ 6 weeks,and concomitant internal diseases may be the risk factors closely related to the failure of internal fixation for intertrochanteric fracture in Chinese patients.There has been no sufficient evidence to show that gender,injury cause or type of internal fixation may be associated with the failed internal fixation for intertrochanteric fracture.

Objective To investigate the procedures and effects of surgical treatment for double disruption of the superior shoulder suspensory complex (SSSC).Methods Twenty-nine cases of double disruption of SSSC treated from January 2007 to October 2011 were enrolled in the study.There were 19 males and 10 females,at a mean age of 36 years (range,25-49 years).Injury causes included traffic injury in 25 cases and fall from height in 4.An open reduction and internal fixation was performed in 18 cases of scapular neck fracture combined with clavicular fracture,2 cases of scapular neck fracture combined with acromion fracture,2 cases of distal clavicular fracture combined with acromion and glenoid cavity fracture; hook plate fixation and ligament repair were performed in 3 cases of complete dislocation of acromioclavicular joint combined with complete disruption of coracoclavicular ligament ; open reduction and internal fixation and ligament repair were performed in 3 cases of scapular neck fracture combined with acromioclavicular joint dislocation and 1 case of clavicular fracture combined with coracoclavicular ligament disruption.Results All cases were followed up for a mean period of 11.5 months (range,6-30 months).Anatomic reduction of fractures was achieved for all cases and mean healing time was 8.4 weeks (range,7-12 weeks).Mean Constant-Murley score was 91 points (range,72-100 points),which indicated excellent results in 13 cases,good in 11,fair in 5,with excellence rate of 83％.ConclusionBased on the complex anatomic structure of the double disruption of SSSC,surgical management should focus mainly on respective fixation of the double injuries,which leads to good stability and therapeutic outcome.

Objective To investigate the role and mechanism of growth differentiation factor (GDF) 15 in ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) during kidney transplantation. Methods Nine wild type donor mice and 9 wild type recipient mice were selected. The renal graft of 3 recipient mice were harvested at 4, 24 and 72 h after transplantation. GDF family transcriptome analysis was carried out, and the expression of GDF15 in renal tissues of each group were detected. Five wild type donor mice, 5 GDF15 knockout donor mice and 10 wild type recipient mice were selected. According to the experimental scheme, the mice were divided into wild type sham operation group, wild type transplantation group, GDF15 knockout sham operation group and GDF15 knockout transplantation group. Serum and renal tissue samples were extracted 72 h after transplantation. The renal function, renal tubular injury, inflammatory cell infiltration, inflammatory factors, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB expression level were compared in each group. Nine wild type donor mice, 9 GDF15 knockout donor mice and 18 wild type recipient mice were selected. According to the experimental scheme, the mice were divided into wild type transplantation group and GDF15 knockout transplantation group, and the survival rate of two group after kidney transplantation was observed. Results Transcriptome sequencing of renal graft tissues indicated that GDF15 was the most up-regulated GDF family gene, which was mainly expressed in renal tubules. Compared with the sham operation group, the renal function of mice was declined in the transplantation group. Compared with the wild type transplantation group, the serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels of mice were significantly up-regulated in the GDF15-knockout transplantation group (both P < 0.05). The 1-week survival rate of mice was 87.6% in the wild type transplantation group and 41.8% in the GDF15 knockout transplantation group. In the GDF15 knockout transplantation group, the expression level of kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 was up-regulated, and the renal tubule injury score was increased. In the wild type transplantation group, the renal tubules were dissolved or necrotized, and tubular formation was seen in the extramedullary and cortex area, whereas tubular necrosis and tubular formation were more evident in the GDF15 knockout transplantation group. The expression levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and F4/80 were up-regulated in the transplantation group, and the inflammatory cell infiltration was aggravated in the GDF15 knockout transplantation group. Compared with the sham operation group, the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the transplantation group were up-regulated. Compared with the wild type transplantation group, the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were also up-regulated in the GDF15 knockout transplantation group (all P < 0.05). In the transplantation group, the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in the renal graft tissues were higher than those in the sham operation group. In the GDF15 knockout transplantation group, the expression levels of TLR4 and NF-κB in the renal graft tissues were higher compared with those in the wild type transplantation group. Conclusions GDF15 may alleviate the IRI of renal graft probably via inhibiting the TLR4-NF-κB signaling pathway.

Objective To identify the risk factors for the fractures secondary to percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.Methods A comprehensive search was conducted for the studies from January 2006 to September 2016 on the risk factors for secondary fractures after percutaneous vertebroplasty in the Cochrane Library,PubMed Data,CNKI,Chinese Biomedical Database,Wanfang Data and manually as well.After retrieval of the eligible data,software Revman5.0 was used to perform the heterogeneity test and calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR),weighted mean difference(WMD) value and 95％ confidence interval (CI).Results Twenty studies involving 3,602 patients,627 of whom had fracture secondary to the surgery,were included in this meta-analysis.Meta-analyses showed the secondary fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture was related to bone mineral density [WMD =-0.66,95％ CI (-0.97,-0.36),P ＜ 0.05] and kyphosis after primary operation [WMD =4.51,95％ CI (3.02,6.00),P ＜ 0.05],but not to gender [OR =0.98,95％ CI (0.77,1.25),P＞ 0.05],age [WMD=1.48,95％CI (-0.13,3.09),P＞ 0.05],body mass index [WMD=-0.76,95％ CI(-1.61,0.08),P＞ 0.05],cement volume [WMD=-0.15,95％CI (-0.60,0.30),P＞0.05],intradiscal cement [0R=1.11,95％CI (0.56,2.22),P＞0.05],number of vertebrae primarily treated [OR=0.74,95％ CI (0.09,6.45),P ＞ 0.05],thoracolumbar spine [OR =0.86,95％ CI (0.63,1.18),-P ＞ 0.05],or cement injection approach [OR =1.58,95％ CI (0.74,3.37),P ＞ 0.05].Conclusions Bone mineral density and kyphosis after primary operation may be the risk factors closely correlative to the secondary fracture after percutaneous vertebroplasty.There has not been enough evidence to support the associations between the secondary fracture and gender,age,body mass index,cement volume,intradiscal cement,number of vertebrae primarily treated,thoracolumbar spine,or cement injection approach.