Estrogen receptors(ER)has two subtype alpha and beta.It is a kind of glycoprotein which can bond to estrogen(E).They distribute all kinds of organs and tissues,especially in procreation organs and breast tissue.Study showed that estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms had been associated with the risk of carcinogenesis of endometrial cancer,ovarian cancer and breast cancer.We reviewed the molecule structure, function,gene polymorphisms of ER,and the relationship with endometrial cancer,ovarian cancer and breast cancer.

Objective:To explore the value of reading report in upbringing the integrated faculties of medical students.Methods:To give the training of reading report to the Seven-year and the five-year program medical students in their last year.Results:Such a training stirred the students' learning interests,improved their abilities in independent study,promoted their ability in collecting and dealing with information and widened their knowledge.Medical students grasped of the essential methods in writing reading report,which settled the groundwork for research abilities in the future.Conclusions:Reading report writing is instrumental in de- veloping students' integrated faculties and worthy advocating in medical teaching.

To investigate the epidemic and evolutionary trends of enterovirus (EV) in the external environment of Yunnan Province, China, molecular typing was performed on 4 EV strains that were isolated from environmental sewage in Yunnan. The VP1 region of isolates was amplified by RT-PCR using universal enterovirus primers, and the amplified VP1 region was sequenced for GenBank BLAST search and genotype analysis. The 4 EV strains were identified as ECHO7. Their nucleotide and amino acid homologies with the VP1 sequences of 68 ECHO7 strains retrieved from GenBank were measured by Mega software analysis. Our findings showed that ECHO7 strains from environmental sewage and population samples were in different evolutionary branches. These strains showed typical geographical and temporal differences; In addition, there were different transmission chains at the same time and in the same area. ECHO7 strains isolated from sewage water and patients with acute flaccid paralysis during the same period in Yunnan belonged to different clusters and evolved at different speeds. Special concerns are needed for this problem. Continuous molecular biological surveillance of human EV in the external environment of Yunnan will provide strong support for early warning of EV diseases.
China ; Databases, Genetic ; Enterovirus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Evolution, Molecular ; Humans ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Sequence Analysis ; Sewage ; virology

AlM:To observe the changes of corneal endothelium after phacoemulsification cataract surgery in different types of cataract patients.
METHODS: Randomly selected age-related cataract, diabetic cataract and cataract of high myopia 30 eyes of 30 cases, respectively, in our hospital. All patients underwent phacoemulsification combined with intraocular lens implantation, corneal endothelial density and the percentage of hexagonal cells were measured by corneal endothelial cell instrument without touching before surgery and one week after surgery.
RESULTS: The difference of the preoperative corneal endothelial cell density and the percentage of hexagonal cells among three groups were not statistically significant (P>0. 05). One week after surgery, the cell density in three groups were respectively 2 496. 86 ± 298. 96/mm2 , 2 379. 51 ± 375. 13/mm2 , 2 425. 38 ± 312. 68/mm2 , the percentage of hexagonal cells were respectively ( 46. 20 ± 12. 03)%, (43. 44±13. 99)%, (44. 35±8. 13)%. Both the cell density and the percentage of hexagonal cells one week after surgery were lower than those before operation. There were significant difference in three groups ( P <0. 05). Both the measurements in diabetic cataract group and cataract of high myopia group after surgery were lower than those in age-related cataract group, the cell density and the percentage of hexagonal cells in diabetic cataract group were lower obviously compared with those in age- related cataract group and the difference was significant (P<0. 05).
CONCLUSlON:The tolerance of corneal endothelial cell to phacoemulsification cataract surgery is lower in cataract with diabetes and high myopia. Corneal endothelium should be assessed preoperatively and protected intraoperatively.

Objective To investigate the effects of different doses of dexamethasone (Dex) on bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods Forty 3-month-old female SD rats were divided into four groups:control group (Cont, saline), low dose Dex group (LDG, 1 mg/kg), medium dose Dex group (MDG, 2.5 mg/kg) and high dose Dex group (HDG, 5 mg/kg). Ten rats for each group. Dex was injected intramuscularly twice a week. The values of BMD and body composition were measured by DEXA densitometer at the beginning and 4-week of treatment. Results The body weights of different doses of Dex intervention groups were decreased after 1 to 4-week intervention compared with those of Cont group (P<0.01). After 4-week intervention, the total BMD, femur BMD, total bone mineral content (BMC), to-tal fat mass, trunk fat mass and leg fat mass were significantly increased in Cont group (P<0.01), while the total lean mass, trunk lean mass were significantly decreased (P<0.01). The total BMC, femur BMD, leg lean mass, leg fat mass were signifi-cantly lower in LDG group and MDG group than those of Cont group (P<0.05). The femur BMD, leg fat mass were signifi-cantly lower in LDG group and MDG group than those of HDG group (P<0.05). Conclusion The doses of 1 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg Dex have greater impact on the femur BMD and the leg composition in SD rats than that of Dex (dose of 5 mg/kg ).

OBJECTIVETo reveal the transmembrane signal pathway participating in regulating neuron functions of treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) by acupuncture.

METHODSSAMP8 mice was used for AD animal model. The effect of acupuncture method for qi benefiting, blood regulating, health supporting, and root strengthening on the amount and varieties of transmembrane signal proteins from hippocampal lipid rafts in SAMP8 mice was detected using HPLC MS/MS proteomics method.

RESULTSCompared with the control group, acupuncture increased 39 transmembrane signal proteins from hippocampal lipid rafts in SAMP8 mice, of them, 14 belonged to ionophorous protein, 8 to G protein, 8 to transmembrane signal receptor, and 9 to kinase protein. Totally 3 main cell signal pathways were involved, including G-protein-coupled receptors signal, enzyme linked receptor signal, and ion-channel mediated signal. Compared with the sham-acupuncture group, acupuncture resulted in significant increase of kinase signal protein amount. From the aspect of functions, they were dominant in regulating synapse functions relevant to cytoskeleton and secreting neurotransmitters.

CONCLUSIONThe cell biological mechanism for treating AD by acupuncture might be achieved by improving synapse functions and promoting the secretion of neurotransmitters through transmembrane signal transduction, thus improving cognitive function of AD patients.

Acupuncture Therapy ; Alzheimer Disease ; metabolism ; Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Male ; Membrane Microdomains ; metabolism ; Mice ; Proteomics ; Signal Transduction ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Objective:To investigate the contents of paranasal sinus CT reports about clinically pertinent lesions and anatomic variations in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and analyze the lesions and the anatomic variations less described in CT reports to improve the quality of paranasal sinus CT reports.Methods:A national questionnaire survey on radiologists interpreting paranasal sinus CT was conducted online in March, 2020. Questions were focused on the frequency of the lesions or anatomic variations of the paranasal sinuses described in paranasal sinus CT reports, and the results were analyzed and compared among radiologists by different levels of the hospital, professional titles, years of CT reading experience, subspecialties, and education backgrounds.Results:A total of 6 525 valid questionnaires were obtained, in which 97.7%, 97.7%, and 92.8% of radiologists described mucosal thickening, hypertrophy of turbinate or deviation of the nasal septum, and space occupying lesions within paranasal sinuses in CT reports, respectively. Only 35.0%, 26.9%, and 22.5% of radiologists described frontal recess lesions, dehiscence of foramen rotundum or pterygoid canal, and anterior/posterior ethmoid artery anatomy in CT reports, respectively. The anatomic variations that predisposed patients to major surgical complications or recurrent rhinosinusitis were more frequently documented in CT reports by radiologists with experience of head and neck radiology, senior titles or more than 30 years of radiological experience in tertiary hospitals than other radiologists.Conclusions:Lesions within the paranasal sinus were almost documented in all paranasal sinus CT reports. However, the anatomic variations that predisposed patients to major surgical complications or recurrent rhinosinusitis were infrequently described, which needs to be optimized by improving the quality of paranasal sinus CT reports.

The fine structure of enoxaparin sodium samples with different degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives were analyzed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography, ultraviolet spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A further study of anticoagulation activity of enoxaparins was performed, including those on their inhibition activities of coagulation factor Xa (FXa) and thrombin (FIIa). The results showed that the anti-FXa and -FIIa activities of enoxaparins with different degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives (20.0%-39.7%) with similar structure characteristics, had decreasing tendency when the degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives increased. Especially, the anti-FXa activity was sensitive to the change of the degree of 1,6-anhydro derivatives.
Anticoagulants ; chemistry ; Enoxaparin ; chemistry ; Factor Xa Inhibitors ; chemistry ; Thrombin ; antagonists & inhibitors

OBJECTIVETo investigate the diagnostic value and clinical significance of serum tumor markers CEA, CA19-9 and CA242 in patients with colorectal cancer.

METHODSThe serum levels of CEA, CA19-9 and CA242 were determined by ELISA before surgery in 134 patients with colorectal cancer and in 200 healthy people as a control.

RESULTSThe CEA, CA19-9 and CA242 levels in patients were significantly higher than those in controls (P < 0.01, respectively). The sensitivity of CEA and CA242 for colorectal cancer diagnosis was higher than that of CA19-9, and the combined sensitivity of CEA + CA242 and CEA + CA242 + CA19-9 were higher than that of single item or the other two combinations (CEA + CA19-9 and CA19-9 + CA242). In Dukes stages A, B, C and D, serum levels and sensitivity of the three tumor markers were significantly and successively increased. In the cases with lymph node metastasis, levels of the three tumor markers were significantly increased. The markers levels were also significantly and successively increased along with the extent of cancer infiltration.

CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that the combined use of CEA and CA242 or the three markers is an useful adjuvant diagnostic measure for colorectal cancer, and is helpful in the evaluation of lymph node metastasis, degree of invasion and Dukes staging in cancer treatment.

Adult ; Aged ; Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate ; blood ; Biomarkers, Tumor ; blood ; CA-19-9 Antigen ; blood ; Carcinoembryonic Antigen ; blood ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; pathology ; Female ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; pathology ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Sensitivity and Specificity

In order to explore the genotype distribution and molecular evolution of non-polio enterovirus (NPEVs)in Yunnan Province,the People's Republic of China, we sequenced and analyzed the partial VP1 coding region of 105 NPEVs isolated from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance in Yunnan province during a 5- year study period from 2006 to 2010. The viral genomes of 105 NPEVs were translated to corresponding amino acid sequences and compared with those of the prototype strains, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed among these VP1 nucleotide sequences and other prototype strains from GenBank. Analysis showed that 18 isolates were classified into 7 serotypes of human enterovirus A species, while 77 isolates into 22 serotypes of B and 10 isolates into 4 serotypes of C species. However, we did not isolate any viruses which belonged to human enterovirus D species. Thus, under AFP surveillance, human enterovirus B species accounted for 73. 3% of the 105 isolates and was considered as the predominant one,followed by human enterovirus A(17. 1%) and human enterovirus C(9. 5%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that various serotypes of the virus and the corresponding prototype strains or other representative strains clustered into the same grooup, however, Yunnan strains and prototype strains were located in the different branches (except CA2,EV90 and EV76). The degree of variation was different even among the same genotype strains. This report showed that different genotype strains spread widely in Yunnan Province.
China ; epidemiology ; Enterovirus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Enterovirus Infections ; epidemiology ; virology ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Molecular Typing ; Phylogeny