The epidemic tendency of dental caries of school students over the past 15 years in China was analyzed in order to provide bases for prevention of dental caries. Data sets of boys and girls at the age of 7, 9, 12 years (deciduous caries) and 7, 9, 12, 14, 17 years (permanent caries) were collected from the series of Chinese National Surveillance on Students' Constitution and Health (CNSSCH) between 1991 to 2005, a survey that covers 30 provinces of and autonomous regions of China, with Tibet Autonomous Region and Taiwan Province excluded owing to unavailability of related data. According to their socioeconomic status, three urban regions and three rural regions (province capital must be included) were selected in each province, where its socioeconomic status and sports exercise can represent the general level of the locality. All subjects were Han students. Prevalence of deciduous and permanent caries was measured. In 2005, the prevalence of deciduous caries at 7, 9, 12 years was 52.87%, 52.04% and 9.80% in urban boys, 59.37%, 58.68% and 12.18% in rural boys, and that of permanent caries in boys at 7, 9, 12, 14, and 17 years was 2.35%, 5.63%, 13.94%, 19.05% and 21.29% in urban boys, 3.42%, 7.26%, 13.35%, 16.16%, 18.55% in rural boys, while in girls at the same age groups, the prevalence of deciduous caries was 53.53%, 49.48%, 7.92% in urban girls, 59.95%, 56.13%, 8.85% in rural girls; the prevalence of permanent caries was 3.61%, 8.99%, 19.32%, 24.75%, 28.62% in urban girls, and 3.47%, 10.65%, 17.66%, 22.52%, 24.27% in rural girls. The epidemic manifested a gradient distribution in age groups, which was closely related to region of the study population. A dramatic decreasing trend was witnessed among all sex-age subgroups in the rural groups between 1990 and 2005, and such a trend was stronger in deciduous caries than in permanent caries, however, this kind of decreasing trend was not steady, because there was bounce during some year. Although the morbidity of dental caries in China is lower than the standard set by the World Health Organization, and the prevalence of dental caries decreased from 1991 to 2005, the prospect of epidemic dental caries in China is in no way optimistic. The total population with dental caries is still very large and the prevalence decreased unstably. Therefore, financial support on school oral health care should be increased, and a national school oral health service network should be set up.

Objective To explore the clinical effect of application of mechanical insufflation-exsufflation (MI-E) for airway mucus clearance in patients with artificial airway.Methods 72 patients were divided into the observation group (36 cases) and the control group (36 cases)according to admission order by random number table.All subjects were given with individual treatment and nursing,while the control group was given with the application of rock sputum ejection machine twice per day,the observation group was given with application of both cough assist and rock sputum ejection machine for sputum excretion.The clinical effect of airway mucus clearance after 5 days' treatment was compared between two groups.Results Compared with the control group,oxygenation index after 5 days' treatment in the observation group increased [(48.16±9.57) kPa vs.(37.99±14.67) kPa,t=-3.48,P＜0.01],clinical pulmonary infection score [(3.39±0.77) scores vs.(5.33±1.47) scores] and procalcitonin level [0.10 (0.07,0.27) μg/L vs.0.43 (0.12,0.79) μg/L] were lower (t=-7.02,Z=-3.28,P＜0.01),the mean sputum amount was bigger [(3.64±0.43) ml vs.(2.31 ±0.44) ml] (t=-4.84,P＜0.01),and the mean interval of suction was longer [(97.81 ±7.28) min vs.(82.00±8.88) min](t=-3.08,P＜0.05).Conclusions MI-E can clear the airway secretion effectively so as to improve oxygenation and the inflammatory markers.And MI-E is a simple,noninvasive and safe technique.

Corneal newborn lymphatic vessels construct the afferent arc of corneal immunological reaction, which play important role in immune response. The corneal transplantation rejection rate rises due to the emergence of new lymphatic vessel which breaks the immunologic mechanism. With the founding of specific marker of lymphatic endothelial cells and research advancing of growth factor of lymphatic vessels, the mechanism, therapy and prevention of corneal immunological rejection reaction of corneal lymphatic vessel have been studied intensively. The graft survival rate has been greatly improved through inhibiting newborn lymphatic vessel.

0.05), respectively; the costs were 640.50yuan and 1 151.21yuan, respectively; the cost-effectiveness ratios were 7.01 and 12.28, respectively; the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of Group B versus Group A was 220.1. CONCLUSION: The sequential therapy of levofloxacin is preferable in the treatment of lower respiratory infection.

Objective: To understand the knowledge of reproductive health among female college students and the effectiveness of intervention measures, so as to provide a reference for conducting reproductive health education and health guidance for female college students. Methods: From March to November 2022, 1 019 female college students of grade 1 to 3 from a university were selected by convenient sampling method,who were included in the conventional group( n =315), WeChat group( n =462) and outpatient and peer group( n =242). The Outpatient and peer group was provided with reproductive health education and health knowledge manuals and relevant guidance by receiving medical staff, the conventional group received routine health education and guidance from the school, and the WeChat group received online reproductive health education and guidance on the WeChat platform. Survey questionnaires were filled out before and after reproductive health related education and health guidance, and the results were compared and analyzed. Results: After intervention, the awareness rates of women’s menstrual cycle , ovulation period, AIDS detection window period and suitable contraceptive methods in outpatient and peer groups and WeChat group were higher than those in conventional group ( χ 2=26.78, 31.70, 61.50 and 13.96 respectively). The awareness rates of women s physiological time easy to be pregnant and unreliable contraceptive methods in outpatient and peer groups were higher than those in conventional group ( χ 2= 9.10 , 10.68), and the awareness rates of unreliable contraceptive methods and main precautions during menstruation were higher than those in WeChat group ( χ 2=9.10, 8.02). The awareness rate of emergency contraception methods in WeChat group was higher than that in conventional group ( χ 2=7.94). All the differences were statistically significant ( P <0.05). After intervention, the knowledge scores of reproductive physiology (2.55±1.09, 2.42±1.08), contraception (2.62±1.20, 2.53±1.06), sexually transmitted disease (2.89±1.35, 2.76±1.24) and the total score of reproductive health knowledge (12.82±3.94, 12.12±3.06) among female college students of the outpatient and peer group and WeChat group were higher than those in the conventional group (2.10± 0.91 , 2.33±1.09, 2.55±1.18, 11.39±3.07). The knowledge score of accidental pregnancy and induced abortion (1.78±0.91) and the total score of reproductive health knowledge (12.82±3.94) among female college students of the outpatient and peer group were higher than those in the conventional group and WeChat group (1.57±0.87, 1.62±0.87; 11.39±3.07, 12.12±3.06). All the differences were statistically significant ( F =14.94, 5.27, 5.28, 13.02; 4.15, 13.02, P <0.05). Conclusion Female college students lack comprehensive understanding of reproductive health related knowledge. The reproductive health education and health care guidance to female college students should be developed through multiple channels, which would improve the reproductive health knowledge cognition of female college students and promote the formation of good health care behavior.

Objective:To compare the biomechanical effects between oblique Ban-pulling manipulation and lumbar erection-rotation manipulation in sitting position in treating lumbar intervertebral disc herniation (LIDH). Methods:A three-dimensional finite element model of L3-S1 was developed to carry out a comparative study between oblique Ban-pulling manipulation and lumbar erection and rotation manipulation in sitting position. The disc protrusion was assumed to be on the rear left of L4 disc, and the manipulations were performed on the right side. The loading process was simulated by two steps. In the first step, only the compression loading was imposed, and in the second step, both the compression loading and axial rotation moment were imposed. The displacement and stress distribution in L4 disc were investigated. Results:The values of stress and displacement in the second step were lower than those in the first step in each manipulation. The stress and displacement differences between the two steps were respectively 1.79 times and 3.03 times larger in oblique Ban-pulling manipulation than those in lumbar erection-rotation manipulation in sitting position. Conclusion: Oblique Ban-pulling manipulation may result in a better biomechanical effect than lumbar erection-rotation manipulation in sitting position for LIDH.

Developmental changes in children can affect drug disposition and clinical effects. A physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is a mathematical model that can be used to predict blood drug concentrations in children and gain insight into age-dependent physiological differences in drug disposition impact. Pediatric PBPK (P-PBPK) models have attracted attention over the past decade. With the concerted efforts of academia, pharmaceutical companies, and regulatory agencies, there are more and more examples of pediatric clinical studies using PBPK models. Nevertheless, the number of P-PBPK models and their predictive performance still lag behind adult models. By referring to the literature, we study the process of children adapting to adult absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) parameters and analyze the general principles of P-PBPK model establishment. In addition, we summarize the functions and application examples of commonly used P-PBPK modeling software to provide a basis for the rational application of modeling software.

BACKGROUND: There are a lot of researches on the protective action of calcium channel blocker(CCB) on diabetic peripheral neuropathy, but the dosage and the effect on injured nerve need to investigate further in clinical application.OBJECTIVE: To observe the results of electrophysiologic assessment of the effect of CCB flunarizine at different dosages on Bell' s palsy after 1-month treatment.DESIGN: Randomized grouping, blank control and l-month follow up.SETTING: Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.PARTICIPANTS: Totally 35 patients with Bell' s palsy, including 19males and 16 females aged from 16 to 58 and the mean age of 32. 8, were selected from Outpatients of the Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital to Nanjing Medical University from November 1999 to May 2001. The course of disease was ≤ 3 days. Patients were without any treatment, and all of the facial nerve palsy was complete. According to random samplings, all patients were divided randomly into control group (basic treatment group) with 12 cases and treatment groups with 10 cases in first subgroup and 13 in second subgroup.METHODS: Basic treatment: 1 mg/kg per day prednisone(the maximal dosage ≤ 60 mg/day) was taken once every day and reducing dosage by half every 5 days, with a course of therapy for 15 days. 500 μg methycobal was taken orally three times a day and 25 mg fursulthiamine also orally three times a day. Ultrashort wave physiotherapy was taken once a day for 15 days. On the basis of the basic treatment, patients in the first subgroup accepted 5 mg flunarizine once every night, and 10 mg flunarizine once every night was given to the patients in the second subgroup. The latency and amplitude of Blink response were checked before treatment and after 1-month treatment.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The latency and amplitude of Blink response in every group after 1-month treatment.RESULTS: According to the imagery analysis, 35 patients entered the resulting analysis. Before treatment, the 3 groups of blink responses were all efferential blocking in facioplegic side, and in addition, R1 and R2 all disappeared. After treatment for 1 month, Blink response of R1, R2 appeared. The latency of R1 and R2 in the second treatment group was better than that in control group[ (9. 608 ± 0. 575) ms, (31. 869 ± 2. 934) ms,(11.208±1.490) ms and (37. 583 ±5. 408) ms, P ＜0.01], but there were no differences in this respect between the first treatment group and the control group. The ipsilateral amplitudes of Blind response in the three groups were not different after 1-month treatment.CONCLUSION: After 1-month treatment with flunarizine(10 mg/day),the recovery of facial nerve function can be promoted, but the protective effect of flunarizine(5 mg/day) on peripheral nerve is not superior to that with normal treatment. The mechanism and the proper dosage are not observed further in this study.

Biomedical Research ; China ; Freeze Drying ; Hepatitis A Vaccines ; adverse effects ; immunology ; Humans ; Safety ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; adverse effects ; immunology

Objective To establish the cell model of ethanol-induced liver injury and explore the protective effects of tea poly-phenols (TP)on ethanol-induced liver injury .Methods Cell morphology were observed by microscope ,and then alanine aminotrans-ferase (ALT) ,nmda transaminase (AST) ,gamma GGTP ,GGT and ROS changes were detected .Results Alcohol maked L02 hepa-tocyte fatty degeneration .Compared with ethanol group ,steatosis in TP + ethanol group was lighter ,its ALT ,AST ,GGT content and intracellular ROS reduced .Conclusion TP can decrease cell fatty change degree in vitro experiments ,improue the enzymology indexes ,reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species to avoid liver damage .