Cancer stem cells are a new field with the gradual deep understanding of the stem cell research. Although its history is not long, the rapid development showed a good potential prospect. The existence of cancer stem cells and its use as tumor formation, growth and metastasis-based approach has been widely recognized. In theory, cancer stem cells derived from normal stem cells can transform. Cancer-causing factors can also be derived-from the dedifferentiation induced cells. Because it contains all-round, multi-and single stem cell, with the proliferation and differentiation potential of different directions, it is possible to explain the heterogeneity of tumor cells, and reasons for hypoxic environment, anti-cancer drugs and radiation resilience. In this area, it has been made a lot of progress in recent years. However, there are still some problems to be solved. Such as the identification of cancer stem cells, biological function and mechanism.

Abdominal Pain ; Cough ; Humans

Cancer stem cells are a new field with the gradual deep understanding of the stem cell research.Although its history is not long,the rapid development showed a good potential prospect.The existence of cancer stem cells and its use as tumor formation,growth and metastasis-based approach has been widely recognized.In theory,cancer stem cells derived from normal stem cells can transform.Cancer-causing factors can also be derived from the dedifferentiation induced cells.Because it contains all-round,multi-and single stem cell,with the proliferation and differentiation potential of different directions,it is possible to explain the heterogeneity of tumor cells,and reasons for hypoxic environment,anti-cancer drugs and radiation resilience.In this area,it has been made a lot of progress in recent years.However,there are still some problems to be solved.Such as the identification of cancer stem cells,biological function and mechanism.

Oncogene-induced senenscence(OIS) is defined as a stable proliferative arrest of normal cells upon overexpression of aberrant proliferative signals of oncogenes through MAPK and PI3K pathway.The molecular mechanism of OIS is related to the formation of heterochromatin and DNA-damage check-point response.The markers of OIS includ senescence-associated ?-galactosidase and senescence-associated heterochromatin foci.With the growing recognization of OIS,the new models of tumor progression are emerging.The further investigation on the mechanism of OIS is of great significance to understanding of the tumorigenesis and provide new ideas and methods of cancer treatment.

Objective To assess the toxicity of anthracyclinc to left ventricle function in patients withbreast cancer,and to compare the clinical values between two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE) and 3D-STE.Methods 50 patients with breast cancer who had received surgical treatment and epirubicinbased chemotherapy were recruited to study groups.All the patients had undergone up to 6 cycles of chemotherapy.Different stages wcre identified according to accumulated doses of epirubicin reaching 0 mg/m2,120 mg/m2,240 mg/m2 and 360 mg/m2.2D-STE and 3D-STE parameters were measured before chemotherapy and after different stage of chemotherapy.The receiver operating characteristics curves (ROC) of parameters (2D-GLS,3D-GLS,3D-GCS,3DGAS) were graphed to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of detecting dysfunction of the left ventricles.25 healthy volunteers were recruited to a control group.Results As compared with the control group and the baselines,2D-GLS and 3D-GCS was significantly declined (P ＜ 0.05),3D-GAS and 3D-GLS were significantly lowered after interim period and later period (P ＜ 0.05),while 3D-GRS was not changed significantly during the whole chemotherapy period.The ROC curves revealed the sensitivity of 2D-GLS,3D-GCS,3D-GLS and 3D-GAS for assessing dysfunction of the left ventricles was 60.7％,65.3％,62.7％,and 80.7％,while the specificity was 50.0％,54.0％,64.0％,and 82.0％,respectively.Conclusions As compared with 2D-STE,3D-STE can detect the dysfunction of left ventricles earlier and more accurately.Furthermore,the specificity and sensitivity of 3D-GAS are the highest among all parameters in detecting the early dysfunction of left ventricles.

Objective To investigate the effect of cholecystokinin (CCK) on colon motility and its mechanism in development of irritable bowel syndrome via recording ionic channels currents and contraction of guinea-pig proximal colon. Methods The guinea-pigs (body weight ranged from 200 g to 250 g) were deprived of food, but not water, for 12 hours before experiment. The animal was sacrificed and 6 cm of proximal colon was obtained. The contractile activity of isolated proximal colon in 1 × 10-7 ,5 × 10-7 or 1 × 10-6 mol/L of CCK-8 solution was recorded. The impact of 1 × 10-7 , 5 × 10-7 and 1 × 10-6 mol/L of CCK-8 and 1 × 10-6 mol/L CCK-8 nifidipin on current of calcium activated potassium channel (IBKac) was detected with an EPC-10 amplifier and an image analysis software.Results In comparison with blank [(0. 68 ±0. 12) g], the amplitude of colon contraction in 1 × 10-7 ,5×10-7 and 1×10-6 mol/L of CCK-8 was increased by (15. 0±1.5)%,(28. 0±1.4)%, and (36.0±1.6) %, respectively ( n = 7, P = 0. 023,0. 005 and 0. 01 ), but there was no significant change of frequency. When exogenous stimulation at +60 mV, the current of IBKac was enhanced to (117. 45 ± 3.60)%, (125.42± 5. 30)% or (136. 98±6. 80)% in 10-7 ,5 × 10-7 or 10-6 mol/L of CCK-8,respectively, compared with controls (n= 7, P＜0.01 ). However, after adding nifidipin, the current of IBKca was reduced to (102.23±5.60)% in 10-6mol/L of CCK-8 at +60 mV when compared with controls (n=7, P= 1. 491 ). Conclusion CCK enhances proximal colonic motility by increasing Ca2+ influx and IBKac current, which is characterized by enhancement of amplitude of contraction.

Animal models of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH),aiming to simulate human characteristics of the disease,have contributed extensively to understanding the pathophysiology of PAH and the investigation of experimental treatments.The classical models include monocrotaline models,chronic hypoxia model and so on,more new models were investigated in recent years.These animal models were not able to perfectly mimic human pathological characteristics of PAH because of the defect in different aspects.In this review,both typical and novel methods of PAH modeling were summarized and evaluated to provide a suitable guidance for the settlement of animal models which can meet human characteristics comprehensively.

Objective To evaluate the raliability and validity of walking impairment questionnaire applied to assess the walking ability of patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods One hundred and twenty-six patients with type 2 diabetes were selected. WIQ, SF-36 and 6-minute walk test were used to collect da-ta that was conducted for reliability analysis, correlation analysis and independent-samples t test to evaluate the reliability and validity. Results The internal consistency determined by Cronhach's α was 0.867 for the total WIQ score. Significnat correlations were found between WIQ and 6MWD, also between WIQ and physical domains of SF-36. compared with patients over seventy-one years old, the score of WIQ including the distance, speed, stair climbing and total score is significantly higher than that in patients aged seventy-one or less than seventy-one years old. Conclusions The Chinese version of WIQ is a simple, valid and reliable, clinically relevant tool to assess the walking ability of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies in the worldwide.Selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are candidates for curative resection,but nevertheless there is a high risk of tumor recurrence.Microvascular invasion (MVI) is an aggressive biological behavior and has repeatedly been identified as a risk factor for prognosis after curative treatment,meanwhile,it is now becoming increasingly concerned.It would be of great significance to distinguish MVI in an early stage and choose an appropriate treatment timely to get a definite improvement for the long-term survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after curative treatment.This review focuses on some certain issues of MVI.

Objective:To investigate the KRAS gene mutation features in lung and gastric cancers and their relationship with clinicopathologic characteristics. Methods:A total of 128 lung cancer and 115 gastric cancer patients were included. Polymerase chain reaction amplification and DNA sequencing were conducted to detect mutations in exon 2 of the KRAS gene. Results:The mutation frequency of KRAS was different in lung and gastric cancers;however, it did not show any statistical significance (6.3%vs. 4.3%, P>0.05). The KRAS codon 12 gene mutation ranks the first in both types of cancer. No significant correlation was observed between the prevalence of KRAS mutations and patient's age and gender. KRAS gene mutation rate was higher in lung adenocarcinoma than in non-adenocarcinoma, such as squamous cancer (10.7%vs. 0%, P<0.05). Conclusion:No correlation was found between the KRAS gene mutation and the sex and age of lung and gastric cancer patients in Jiangsu Province. The rate of KRAS mutation was low. KRAS gene mutation rate was relatively higher in lung adenocarcinoma patients;thus, the mutation status of the KRAS gene should be evaluated be-fore undergoing EGFR-TKI therapy.