Object:To explore the value of multi-station examination in medical students'clinic skills.Methods:The bedside examination was compared with the multi-station examination.Results:The multi-station examination was more comprehensive,objective and impartial in the evaluation of medical students'clinical skills.Conclusion:The multi-station examination is superior to the bedside examination.

Deproteinized calf blood injection is composed of small protein-free molecules extracted from fresh calf blood. The pre-vious studies showed that it can improve metabolic balance by increasing glucose and oxygen uptake to enhance energy metabolism. In recent years, due to the expanding clinical applications of deproteinized calf blood injection, new observation results and ideas contin-ued to emerge. However, the reports of adverse reactions and excessive applications were also gradually increased. In order to provide reference for the promotion of reasonable clinical application, the paper reviewed the latest development in the studies on the clinical application of deproteinized calf blood injection.

highly stressful environment to doctors. This article described findings on stress, stressors and coping strategies among house officers in a Malaysian hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on house officers in a Malaysian hospital. The 12 items General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), General Stressors Questionnaire (GSQ) and Brief COPE inventory were administered to measure perceived stress, sources of stress and coping strategies among house officers respectively. Data was analysed using SPSS version 12. Results: Forty two house officers participated in this study. This study found that approximately 31% of the house officers were in distress. The top five stressors were fears of making mistakes that can lead to serious consequences, work overload, working with uncooperative colleagues, doing work that mentally straining and feeling of being underpaid. The most frequent coping strategies used by house officers were religion, acceptance and self-distraction. Conclusion: This study found that there was a high percentage of distressed house officers. It also found that major stressors were related to performance pressure. The main coping strategy used by house officer was emotion-focused copin

Objective To explore the influence of candesartan (an angiotensin II receptor 1 antagonist,AT1R) in radioresistance of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE1 cells.Methods Cell growth of CNE1 with or without candesartan treatment was measured in vitro by MTT method;radiosensitivity of CNE1 with or without candesartan treatment was tested under normoxic or hypoxic conditions by clone formation assay.The expression of hypoxia-induced factor 1α(HIF-1α)in CNE1 cells was analysed by western blotting.Results Candesartan did not significantly inhibit the growth of CNE 1 cells in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions.Candesartan also did not influence the radiosensitivity of CNE1 cells in normoxic condition;however,it significantly increased the radiosensitivity of CNE1 cells in hypoxic condition.The expression of hypoxia-induced factor 1 α (HIF-1 α)in hypoxic CNE1 cells was significantly inhibited by candesartan treatment.Conclusion Candesartan does not significantly influence the proliferation of CNE1 cells in both normoxic and bypoxic conditions but significantly enhances the radiosensitivity of hypoxic CNE1 cells,in which the mechanisn may be involved in its inhibiting HIF1α expression in hypoxic CNE1 cells.

Background Efficient and lowcost way to isolate keratocytes is helpful for research on cornea.Either relatively expensive or inefficient is the shortage of those means now applied,while raising the keratocytes through passage will change the phenotype of them quickly.Our aim is to approach the way getting keratocytes effectively utilizing modified two step enzymatic digestion by type I collagenase. Objective To evaluate the effect of isolating the bovine keratocytes utilizing two step enzymatic digestion and observe the morphological changes of the keratocytes during cultivation in vitro. Methods Keratocytes were isolated from bovine corneas using 0.5 mg/mL and 1 mg/mL type I collagenase digestion.The harvesting rate and viability rate of the primary keratocytes were evaluated.During the primary cultivation in vitro,the morphological changes of the keratocytes and their F-action distribution were observed.Results(1)The extracellular matrix of the bovine corneas were almost dissolved by the two step enzymatic digestion,followed the keratocytes completely isolated from the solid matrix.The amount of the harvested keratocytes from each cornea was(2.11±0.15)X106 on average while the viability rate was(91.69±3.73)% and the inoculation rate Was(81.20±1.25)%.(2)The primary keratocytes attached and spreaded out with dendritic and stellate morphology.After 3 days cultured,the branches of the keratocytes were contacting and formed networks.The F-actin detected by phalloidin binding showed a limited cortical localization. Conclusion (1)The method of two step enzymatic digestion can make the extracellular matrix of bovine cornea stroma completely degraded with the advantages in high efficiency of harvesting keratocytes and high cell viability and relatively simple manipulation. (2) The primary bovine keratocytes have dendritic morphology and with limited F-action distribute in cellular cortex.

objective To explore the role of cytokines and dendritic cells (DCs) in rat high-risk corneal allograft survival pro- longed by superantigen Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB) and to compare the different effects between SEB and glucocorticoid. Design Experimental study.Participants Fisher 344 and Lewis rats.Methods The Fisher 344 and Lewis inbred rats were used for high-risk penetrating keratoplasty model.All of the Lewis rat recipients were divided into three groups by blinded fashion.GroupⅠand GroupⅡrats were injected intraperitoneally with 0.2ml saline buffer or SEB (75?g/ml) respectively at 4-day intervals on three occasions before transplantation.GroupⅢrats were injected subconjunctivally with 0.1ml dexamethasone (1mg/ml) daily from the first day after surgery for 2 weeks.The allograft survival was examined under slit-lamp.The concentration of interleukin IL-1?,IL-2,IL-4,IL-5,IL-6, IL-10,TNF-?in rat aqueous humor and peripheral blood were measured by liquichip and the cytokine and CD11c,CD80,MHC-Ⅱex- pression in corneal grafts were examined by immunohistochemestry staining.Main Octcome Measures Mean survival time of the allo- grafts,the level of cytokines in aqueous humor,peripheral blood and corneal grafts.Results Compared with group control,the grafts mean survival time was delayed about 3.8d in group SEB (P=0.00) and 7.1d in group dexamethasone(P=0.01).But there was no signifi- cant difference between group SEB and dexamethone (P=0.26).Liquichip test showed that the level of IL-1?in aqueous humor was re- duced and IL-4,IL-6 and IFN-?,ascended.Only IFN-?,and IL-6 could be found in peripheral blood,and the changing shift of them was similar to that in aqueous humor.The immunohistochemistry staining showed that the expression of IL-2 in rat corneal grafts was signif- icantly decreased but IL-4,IL-6 and IL-10 elevated.The expression of DCs in group SEB was similar to that in group control,which was elevated after keratoplasty,but the phenotype of DCs was not the same.There were predominantly mature DCs in group control while immature DCs in group SEB.Conclusions The immunological inhibiting effect of SEB is same to glucocorticoid,but the mecha- nism is different.SEB can modulate immune response,which might induce immune inhibition via the local production of cytokines and effect on DCs maturation involving corneal graft rejection prevention.

Aim To study the effects of cycle arrest and molecular mechanism in human leukemia HL-60 cells induced by diallyl disulfide ( DADS ) . Methods Cell count, colony formation in soft agar experiments and flow cytometry analysis were employed to observe the DADS-induced cell growth inhibition and the effect of cycle arrest in HL-60 cells. The expressions of Chk1/2 and its downstream element in HL-60 cells were detected by Western blot. Results Cell count revealed that population doubling time increased to 35. 03 h and 71. 82 h, respectively, from 19. 14 h in HL-60 cells treated with 60 and 120 μmol·L-1 DADS ( P<0. 05 ) . Colony formation in soft agar experiments showed that colony formation inhibition rate of HL-60 cells exposed to 30, 60, 90 and 120μmol·L-1 DADS increased to 35. 06%, 62. 10%, 93. 79% and 99. 35%, respectively ( P<0. 05 ) . Flow cytometry a-nalysis exhibited that HL-60 cells treated with 60 and 120 μmol · L-1 DADS for 24 h and 48 h arrested in G2/M phase in a concentration-and time-dependent manner ( P <0. 05 ) . Western blot disclosed that the expression of p-Chk1 increased in a time-dependent manner ( P <0. 05 ); however, Chk1, Chk2 and p-Chk2 were not changed in HL-60 cells treated with 60μmol·L-1 DADS (P >0. 05). The expression of Cdc25C, CyclinB1 and CDK1 decreased after treated with 60 μmol·L-1 DADS in a time-dependent manner ( P<0. 05 ) , but the expression of 14-3-3 protein did not change ( P>0. 05 ) . Conclusion DADS can in-hibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells, and induce G2/M arrest through Chk1/Cdc25 C/CyclinB1/CDK1 path-way.

Objective To investigate association between human leukocyte antigen DQB1 (HLADQB1 ) gene polymorphisms and bronchial asthma among Mongolian and Han nationalities. Methods Sequence-specific primer polymerase chain reaction (PCR-SSP) was used to detect frequencies of HLA DQB1 genotypes and alleles in 50 cases of Han and 68 Mongolian asthmatic patients, and 50 Han and 54 Mongolian healthy controls, respectively. Difference in gene frequencies between the two nationalities was estimated by odds ratio (OR) and chi-square test. Results Frequency of the HLA-DQB1 0602 allele was significantly higher in Han patients with bronchial asthma than that in healthy Han nationality (OR = 6.163,P ＜0.01 ). Frequency of the HLA-DQB1 0603/0608 allele decreased in Mongolian asthmatic patients, as compared to that in healthy Mongolians ( OR = 0.199, P ＜ 0.05 ). Frequency of the HLA-DQB1 0301/4 allele was significantly higher in Mongolian asthmatic patients as compared to that in healthy Mongolians ( OR =2.074,P ＜0.05). Frequency of the HLA-DQB1 0301/4 allele was significantly higher in Mongolian than that in Han asthmatic patients ( OR = 2.482 ,P =0.05). Frequency of the HLA- DQB1 0602 allele was significantly higher in healthy Mongolians than that in healthy Han nationality ( OR = 3.341, P ＜ 0.05 ), in contrast, frequency of the HLA-DQB1 0402 allele was significantly lower in healthy Mongolians than that in healthy Han nationality ( OR = 0.209, P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions The HLA-DQB1 0603/0608 allele is possibly a protective gene and the HLA-DQB1 0301/4 allele a susceptible gene for bronchial asthma in Mongolians, and the HLA-DQB1 0602 allele is possibly a susceptible gene for bronchial asthma in Han nationlity.

INTRODUCTIONDyslipidaemia leads to atherosclerosis and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. In clinical trials, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, or statins, have been shown to effectively reduce dyslipidaemia. Despite the availability and accessibility of statins, myocardial infarctions and cerebrovascular accidents remain among the top causes of mortality in developed countries, including Singapore. This enigma could be attributed to suboptimal adherence to statin therapy. The present literature review aimed to evaluate patients' perceptions of statin therapy.

METHODSWe searched PubMed and other databases for articles published in English from October 1991 to May 2012 containing keywords such as 'patient', 'views', 'perceptions', 'adherence', 'statin' and 'dyslipidaemia'. Of the 122 eligible studies retrieved, 58 were reviewed. The findings were categorised and framed in accordance with the Health Belief Model.

RESULTSPatients with dyslipidaemia appeared to underestimate their susceptibility to dyslipidaemia-related complications, partly due to their demographic profiles. Failure to appreciate the severity of potential complications was a major hindrance toward adherence to statin therapy. Other factors that affected a patient's adherence included lack of perceived benefits, perceived side effects, the cost of statins, poor physician-patient relationship, and overestimation of the effectiveness of diet control as a treatment modality.

CONCLUSIONExisting evidence suggests that the cause of poor adherence to statin therapy is multifactorial. The use of the Health Belief Model to present the results of our literature review provides a systematic framework that could be used to design a patient-centric approach for enhancing adherence to statin therapy.

Attitude to Health ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; drug therapy ; Diet ; Dyslipidemias ; drug therapy ; Health Education ; Humans ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; therapeutic use ; Medication Adherence ; Myocardial Infarction ; drug therapy ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care ; Physician-Patient Relations ; Risk Factors ; Singapore ; Stroke ; drug therapy

Objective To analyze informatization module requirements and to design system framework for manufacturing train hospital in 350 km/h speed Chinese standard EMU. Methods Using 350 km/h speed Chinese standard EMU as the design platform and medical experience in hospital and health informazation in warship as design foundation data, the informatization system requirements of hardware and software were discussed to figure out the rational framework design of hospital in train. Results The informatization system of the train hospital was divided into two components for external and internal communication. The external communication component consisted of telemedicine subsystem based on KU satellite communications, train dispatching subsystem based on train dispatching private network and military command subsystem based on special communication bands, and the internal communication component was made up of the hospital information subsystem, internal office subsystem, video supervision subsystem etc. Conclusion The framework design of the informatization system of the train hospital takes considerations on the compatability with military and civilian uses as well as the requirements for information exchange between information functional systems, which lays a foundation for the manufacture of the train hospital based on the EMU.