Objective To reveal the trend of change incidence of hepatitis A(HAV)in Shandong province and explore dynamic analysis methods.Method Dynamic analysis was made on data of hepatitis A in Shandong province from 1990 to 2006.Results The reported incidence of hepatitis A patients dropped from 53.97/100,000 to 1.14/100,000 in Shandong province from 1990 to 2006,which showed a marked downward trend;the groups under the age of 10 dropped from 55.60% to 5.12%,the average age of incidence moved from 14.40 years old to 40.19 years old.Conclusion The incidence of hepatitis A has been changed from prevalent to sporadic in Shandong province,and there was a further downward trend;the age of the high-risk population has been shifted to older age group;the sex ratio of incidence between males and females in the population above 10 years of age had an expansion trend,the age distribution curve differences between males and females was also expanded.

Adolescent ; Humans ; Lung ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; Lung Neoplasms ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Papilloma ; diagnostic imaging ; pathology ; surgery ; Pneumonectomy ; methods ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Child ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Glomerulonephritis, IGA ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Guidelines as Topic ; Humans

Child ; Food Hypersensitivity ; Gastrointestinal Diseases ; etiology ; immunology ; Humans

Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal ; pathology ; Carcinoma, Papillary ; pathology ; Concept Formation ; Humans ; Neuroendocrine Tumors ; pathology ; Pancreatic Neoplasms ; classification ; pathology ; World Health Organization

Biomarkers, Tumor ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Targeted Therapy ; standards ; Mutation ; Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology

Animals ; Forecasting ; Gene Expression Profiling ; methods ; Humans ; Neoplasms ; genetics ; metabolism ; pathology ; Pathology ; education ; methods ; trends ; Proteomics ; methods

Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Paraganglioma ; classification ; metabolism ; pathology ; S100 Proteins ; analysis

Biomarkers, Tumor ; analysis ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Diagnostic Errors ; Humans ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome ; pathology ; Lymphoma, B-Cell ; pathology ; Oncogene Proteins, Fusion ; analysis ; Sarcoma, Synovial ; chemistry ; pathology

ERAS,namely enhanced recovery after surgery,refers to the implementation of optimized EBM (evidence-based medicine) measures comprised of preoperative preparation,anesthesia and postoperative management,in order to reduce psychological stress and physiological trauma,thus contributing to rapid recovery.Recently,researches focus mainly on adult ERAS and are rarely seen in pediatric surgeries.Considering the more sophisticated process children faced,it is urgent and strongly-needed to enforce optimization of perioperative management in pediatric surgeries.Difficulties and challenges exist in the process of ERAS in pediatric surgery,such as the break-through of traditional concepts,cooperation between departments of the anesthesiology and surgery,the fasting time issue,implementation of goal-di-rected fluid therapy,anesthesia method selection,analgesia mode and drug options.Prospective,multicenter clinical trials are needed to explore and solve the problems.In this paper,we review the present situation,difficulties,and prospects in ERAS of pediatric surgery.