Objective To investigate whether apoptosis is invovled in the immune response of inner ear,and relation between the signal transduction of Caspase-3 and apoptosis. Methods Sixteen healthy,female guinea pigs were employed in this study. The animals in the experiment group were sensitized systematically with keyhole limpet hemocyanin(KLH),then were inoculated in inner ear with the same antigen, and the animals in the control group were injected with the same volume of PBS. The animals were sacrificed at the 5th day after inner ear vaccination. Paraffin sections of cochleas from animals were prepared, TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptotic cells in inner ears, and immunohistochemical method was applied to detect the expression of Caspase-3 in inner ears. Results TUNEL-positive cells are found in the inner ears of the experiment group, but did not in the inner ears of the control group except for a few TUNEL-positive cells in the supporting cells, the stria vascular cells and the spiral ganglion cells. The high expression of Caspase-3 could be detected in the inner ears of the experiment group, but no positive cells of Caspase-3 were found in the inner ears of the control group. Conclusion Apoptosis could be induced by the immune response of inner ear, and Caspase-3 cascade may be involved in the course of apoptosis.

There are a variety of factors contributing to pertussis resurgence, which is related to short duration of immunity provided by the vaccine, the difference of vaccination strategies, the change of epidemiological characteristics, antibiotic resistance, the variation of bordetella pertussis, the improvement of diagnostic criteria and the advancement of the monitoring system.There has been a decrease in the number of cases of natural infection since the vaccination, leading to a change in the prevalence of pertussis currently.The decline in population group immunity causes a decrease of serum antibody titer transmitted from the mother to the newborn.As a result, unvaccinated infants have poor immunity against pertussis in the early stage, and infants under 1 year old are prone to severe pertussis.Children and adolescents are also susceptible to pertussis owing to the short-term efficacy of the vaccine.They often present with chronic cough after infection.Adults infected with pertussis are unheeded because of atypical symptoms or occult infection, and they would infect young babies.To improve the diagnosis and treatment of pertussis, it is necessary to meliorate the laboratory diagnosis, study bacterial variation and drug resistance, strengthen disease surveillance, seek more optimized immunization strategies and develop new vaccines.In this paper, the causes of pertussis resurgence were reviewed, in order to provide reference for prevention and control of pertussis in China.

Objective To summarize the clinical results of treatment of tibia plateau fracture. Methods Forty-six cases of tibial plateau fractures were treated with operation from Oct. 2007 to Oct. 20l2 in General Hospital of PinGdinGshan Coal Industry Groud. AccordinG to Schatzker classification,6 cases were typeⅠ,8 were type Ⅱ,6 were type Ⅲ,4 were type Ⅳ,l2 were type Ⅴ,and l0 were type Ⅵ. Patients in type Ⅰwere treated with open reduction and fixation with screws,other types were treated with open reduction and internal fixation combined with anatomy or lockinG plates and screws. And bone Grafts were used when severe bone defect after reduction. Results Forty-six cases were followed up from 6 months to l8 months( averaGe 8. 5 months ) . AccordinG to the Rasmussen knee score standard,the satisfactory rate was 89. l%( 4l/46 ). Conclusion Different methods of operative treatment of tibia plateau fracture is recommended accordinG to the type of fractures,quality of the bone and the combination of injury. Soft tissue protection should always be kept in mind durinG operation. Delayed operation,Good restitution and fixation,early exercise of joint and late weiGht loadinG are the key factors in the treatment of tibial plateau fracture.

Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of two-stage delayed open reduction and internal fixation on Pilon fractures.Methods The clinical data of 38 patients with type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ Pilon fracture were analyzed retrospectively.According to the Ruedi-Allgower classification,there were 18 cases with type Ⅱand 20 cases with type Ⅲ fracture.All patients underwent temporary fixation with calcaneal traction or external fixation for 7 to 17 days,and then they were treated with delayed surgery when the soft tissue injuries subsided.Results Follow-up was performed for 10 to 18 months.Based on the Mazur classification,the ankle function in 12 cases was excellent,18 cases as good,6 cases as fair and 2 cases as poor,with a satisfactory rate of 78.9％.Conclusion Two-stage delayed open reduction and internal fixation is a reasonable and effective procedure in treating type Ⅱ and type Ⅲ Pilon fractures with advantages of few complications and satisfactory ankle function.

Objective:To evaluate the auxiliary diagnosis value of bacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serum anti-pertussis toxin immunoglobulin G (AntiPT-IgG) level detection in suspected pertussis.Methods:A total of 110 suspected cases of pertussis treated in the Department of Pediatrics of Wuhu No.1 People′s Hospital from June 2018 to May 2019 were recruited for the study.The nasopharyngeal swabs of all cases were collected for Bordetella pertussis culture and specific nucleic acid PCR detection.Serum samples of 78 cases were collected for the detection of AntiPT-IgG level by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays.Results:The positive rates of bacterial culture group and PCR group were 21.8% and 30.0%, respectively, with no statistically significant difference ( χ2=1.198, P>0.05). The culture positive rate of cases with the duration of cough<2 weeks was 32.1%, which was signi-ficantly higher than that of cases with the duration of cough about 2-4 weeks (14.3%) or >4 weeks (9.1%) ( χ2=6.522, P<0.05). The PCR positive rate of cases with the duration of cough <2 weeks was 39.6%, which was also significantly higher than that of cases with the duration of cough about 2-4 weeks (25.7%) or > 4 weeks (13.6%) ( χ2=6.126, P<0.05). The mean value for serum AntiPT-IgG level of 78 cases was (75.727±78.454) IU/mL, the median AntiPT-IgG levels of cases with the duration of cough<2 weeks and about 2-4 weeks were 5.909 IU/mL and 20.948 IU/mL, respectively, and the positive rates were 14.7% and 38.1%, respectively.The AntiPT-IgG level of cases with the duration of cough> 4 weeks and that at convalescent stage were (79.281±68.254) IU/mL and (107.242±75.750) IU/mL, and the positive rates were 39.1% and 57.1%, respectively. Conclusions:In the vaccine era, the results of pathogenic and serological tests should be combined to assist the clinical diagnosis of pertussis.The positive rate of bacterial culture and specific nucleic acid pathogen detection in children with cough duration less than 2 weeks is high, and the serological diagnosis is more effective after the duration of cough is over 4 weeks.

Objective:To study the prevalence and correlations of HIV infection among cross-border couples in the Dehong prefecture.Methods:A cross-sectional mass screening study with questionnaire interview and HIV testing was conducted among 17 594 registered cross-border couples from May 2017 through June 2018.Results:Among 32 400 participants, the overall prevalence of HIV infection was 2.27% (736/32 400), 2.44% (375/15 372) for Chinese citizens, and 2.12% (361/17 028) for foreign spouses. Among all the 13 853 couples with both spouses receiving HIV testing, 13 415(96.84%) were seroconcordant-negative couples, 142(1.03%) were serocondordant-positive couples, and 296(2.13%) were serodiscordant couples, including 167(1.20%) couples with positive husband and negative wife and 129(0.93%) couples with positive wife and negative husband. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that HIV infection was associated with drug use and risky sexual behaviors for male spouses. In contrast, HIV infection was associated with risky sexual behaviors for female spouses.Conclusion:The prevalence of HIV among cross-border couples in Dehong prefecture is high, underscoring the urgent need to scale up HIV testing, prevention, and behavioral intervention.

Objective:To investigate the incidence of anemia and risk factors in HIV/AIDS patients with access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) during 2004-2018 in Dehong Jingpo and Dai Autonomous Prefecture (Dehong).Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART in Dehong during 2004-2018 based on the data extracted from the National HIV/AIDS antiretroviral therapy database. Cox proportional risk model was used to analyze the factors associated with the incidences of anemia and moderate or severe anemia in the HIV/AIDS patients. And the piecewise linear mixed-effects model was used to depict the trajectory of hemoglobin changes over time after initiating ART according to baseline level.Results:A total of 8 044 HIV/AIDS patients were included, in whom 6 337 (78.8%) were without anemia at baseline survey and had a median follow up time of 4.43 ( P 25, P 75: 1.50, 6.71) years. The median follow up time for 1 291 new anemia cases and 293 new moderate or severe anemia cases was 0.16 ( P 25, P 75: 0.07, 1.99) years and 0.48 ( P 25, P 75:0.09, 2.97) years, respectively. The incidence rate of anemia and moderate or severe anemia was 4.40 per 100 person-years and 0.41 per 100 person-years respectively. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, older age, being female, being in Dai and Jingpo ethnic group, baseline BMI <18.5 kg/m 2, baseline CD4 +T lymphocyte cell counts (CD4) <200 cells/μl, and zidovudine (AZT) -based initial treatment regimen were factors significantly and positively associated with incidence of anemia after treatment. Factors as being female, being in Dai ethnic group, baseline BMI <18.5 kg/m 2, mild baseline anemia, and AZT-based initial treatment regimen were significantly and positively associated with incidence of moderate or severe anemia after treatment. Conclusion:The risk for anemia was higher in HIV/AIDS patients with specific characteristics, such as age ≥60 years , being female, being in Dai and Jingpo ethnic groups, lower BMI, CD4 <200 cells/μl, and treatment of AZT, after initiation of ART in Dehong during 2004-2018. Additional efforts are needed to strengthen the screening, prevention and treatment of anemia in this population.

Objective:To understand the incidence of diabetes and influencing factors, the trend of FPG change and risk for mortality in HIV-infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture (Dehong).Methods:The HIV/AIDS treatment database was collected from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention. This retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV-infected individuals with access to ART in Dehong during 2004-2020.The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to analyze the incidence density of diabetes, the influencing factors and risk for mortality in HIV-infected individuals with access to ART, mixed linear effects model was used to analyze the trend of FPG change and predict FPG in those with different glucose metabolic status at baseline survey. Statistical analysis was performed using software SAS 9.4.Results:A total of 8 763 HIV-infected individuals were included, in whom 8 432 (96.2%) had no diabetes, 331 had diabetes. The incidence density of diabetes was 2.31/1 000 person years. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analysis revealed that 30- 59 years old, BMI ≥24.0 kg/m 2, Efavirenz (EFV) based initial treatment regimen and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) at baseline survey were significantly and positively associated with incidence of diabetes. Mixed effect model revealed that FPG was positively correlated with the duration of ART, age and baseline FPG. Suffering from diabetes was a risk factor for mortality in HIV-infected individuals both at baseline survey and during follow-up. Conclusions:The risk for diabetes increased in HIV-infected individuals who were 30-59 years old, baseline BMI ≥24.0 kg/m 2, received EFV based initial treatment, and IFG in HIV-infected individuals after antiretroviral therapy in Dehong, 2004-2020. It is important to pay close attention to their blood glucose, and patients with high blood glucose should receive treatment as early as possible.

Objective: To study the prevalence and correlates of diabetes among HIV/AIDS who were on antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Dehong Dai and Jingpo autonomous prefectures (Dehong), Yunnan province. Methods: The database of HIV/AIDS receiving ART in Dehong was downloaded by using the basic information system of AIDS prevention and control in China. In this cross-sectional study, HIV/AIDS patients who were currently on ART and aged 18 years or above, were consecutively recruited, between July 2017 and June 2018, in Dehong. All the subjects underwent hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) testing. Patient with diabetes was defined as meeting any of these indicators (HbA1c ≥6.5%, baseline FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L, FPG ≥7.0 mmol/L in the most recent visit). Both univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were carried on to evaluate the correlates of diabetes among the HIV/AIDS patients. Results: In total of 4 376 HIV/AIDS patients were included for analysis, with the average age as (43.7±10.1) years, proportion of males as 53.8% (2 356/4 376) and the HCV positive rate as 24.1% (1 055/4 376). The mean years was (8.9±3.8) years after the HIV diagnosis was made, and the mean duration on treatment was (6.8±2.9) years. The prevalence of diabetes was 11.4% (500/4 376). Through multivariate logistic regression analysis, data showed that the risk factors of diabetes of HIV/AIDS on ART were: aged 40 years or above, being male, HCV positive, baseline body mass index ≥24.0 kg/m², elevated TG ≥1.70 mmol/L in the most recent visit and baseline antiretroviral regimens under Efavirenz (EFV). Conclusions Prevalence rate of diabetes appeared higher in HIV/AIDS patients who were on ART in Dehong. Prevention and control measures should be targeted on HIV/AIDS patients who were with risk factors of diabetes as being elderly, male, HCV positive, overweight and higher TG. Further esearch is needed to evaluate the association between the use of EFV and diabetes.

For wild natural medicine, unanticipated biodiversity as species or varieties with similar morphological characteristics and sympatric distribution may co-exist in a single batch of medical materials, which affects the efficacy and safety of clinical medication. DNA barcoding as an effective species identification tool is limited by its low sample throughput nature. In this study, combining DNA mini-barcode, DNA metabarcoding and species delimitation method, a novel biological sources consistency evaluation strategy was proposed, and high level of interspecific and intraspecific variations were observed and validated among 5376 Amynthas samples from 19 sampling points regarded as "Guang Dilong" and 25 batches of proprietary Chinese medicines. Besides Amynthas aspergillum as the authentic source, 8 other Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) were elucidated. Significantly, even the subgroups within A. aspergillum revealed here differ significantly on chemical compositions and biological activity. Fortunately, this biodiversity could be controlled when the collection was limited to designated areas, as proved by 2796 "decoction pieces" samples. This batch biological identification method should be introduced as a novel concept regarding natural medicine quality control, and to offer guidelines for in-situ conservation and breeding bases construction of wild natural medicine.