Objective To study the effect of Danshen injection on brain peptide type B (NT‐proBNP) in patients with hyperten‐sion and left ventricular failure ,provide an effective basis for clinical treatment .Methods Totally 80 patients of hypertension with left heart failure from February 2015 to February 2016 were randomly divided into two groups :40 patients were treated with con‐ventional therapy (control group ) ,40 patients in the conventional treatment combined with Danshen injection (experimental group) .We compared NT‐proBNP ,inflammatory factors and clinical efficacy between two groups .Results Before treatment ,the expression of NT‐proBNP and hs‐CRP ,NT‐proBNP level was basically the same in two groups (P> 0 .05) .After treatment ,the ex‐perimental group of patients with NT‐proBNP was significantly lower than the control group and the LVEF ,left ventricular mass index and left ventricular volume index were significantly higher compared with the control group (P< 0 .05) .The total effective rate of patients in Danshen injection groups was significantly higher (P< 0 .05) .Conclusion The injection of Danshen in patients with hypertension and heart failure patients can significantly improving NT‐proBNP levels and improve the cardiac function .

Objective To discuss the application value of the combination detection of serum cystatin C(CysC),serum amyloid A (SAA)and urinary microalbumin(malb)for the early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy(DN).Methods 112 cases of diabetic melli-tus(DM)were selected and divided into the non-DN group(malb<25 mg/L)and the early DN group(malb 30-299 mg/L)according to the urinary microalbumin level.50 cases of healthy subjects were selected as the control group.The levels of serum CysC and malb were measured by immuno-scatter turbidmetry and SAA was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).At the same time,the biochemical indexes of GLU,Cr,HbA1C were detected too.Results The levels of CysC,SAA and malb in the DM two groups were significantly higher than those in the healthy control group with statistical differences(P <0.05 ),moreover which were increased with the renal damage aggravation;the levels in the early DN group were significantly higher than those in the non-DN group with statistical differences(P <0.05).The levels of GLU and HbA1C in the DM two groups had statistically signifi-cant differences compared with the healthy control group(P <0.05).Conclusion The levels of serum CysC and SAA in the DM pa-tients are increased with the urinary malb level increase.The combined detection of CysC,SAA and malb could increase the diagnos-tic rate of the renal damage in early DN.

Objective To detect the serum levels of 25‐hydroxy vitamin D[25‐(OH)D] ,homocysteine(HCY) andβ2‐microglob‐ulin(β2‐MG) in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) and to investigate the relationship between serum HCY and β2‐MG with 25‐(OH)D and its clinical significance .Methods A total of 139 cases of T2DM were selected anddivided into 3 groups , the normal albuminuria group for [urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR)< 30 mg/gCr ,45 cases] ,microalbuminuria group (UACR ≥ 30 mg/gCr and < 300 mg/gCr ,48 cases) and massive proteinuria group (UACR ≥ 300 mg/gCr ,46 cases) according to the urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) .Other 45 individuals undergoing the physical examination were selected as the con‐trol group .The serum 25‐(OH)D level was measured by electrochemiluminescence .Serum HCY level was determined by the enzy‐matic method .Serum β2‐MG level was measured by the latex enhanced immune turbidity method .At the same time ,the biochemical indicators of FBG ,HbA1C ,serum calcium and phosphorus were measured .Results The serum 25‐(OH)D level was decreased with the increase of urinary albumin in the DM patients .And the serum 25‐(OH)D level in the microalbuminuria group and the massive proteinuria group was significantly decreased compared with the normal albuminuria group and the control group ,the difference was statistically significant(P<0 .01) .The serum HCY and β2‐MG levels in the microalbuminuria group and the massive proteinuria group were significantly increased compared with the healthy control group ,the difference was statistically significant (P<0 .05) . Conclusion The serum 25‐(OH)D level is decreased with the increase of urinary albumin in the diabetic patients .The serum HCY andβ2‐MG levels are increased with the increase of urinary albumin and serum 25‐(OH)D level is negatively correlated with the HCY andβ2‐MG levels .

Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of newly reported HIV infections in Chinese and Burmese residents during 2012-2016 in Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan province (Dehong) and to provide evidence for the development of related programs on prevention and control.Methods All the HIV infections who were newly reported during 2012-2016 in Dehong,were recruited as the study subjects,with epidemiological characteristics of the cases analyzed by using the software SPSS 22.0.Results A total of 5 692 HIV infections were newly reported between 2012 and 2016 (including 5 592 in this study),in which the Chinese patients accounted for 43.3％ (2 419) and the rest 56.7％ (3 173) were Burmese.Differences in age,gender and other social characteristics of these newly reported HIV infections were statistically significant between the Chinese and the Burmese (all p-values ＜0.05).Most cases were males and between the age of 20-49 years old.Other characteristics of the patients would include:having had primary school education,married,being farmers,and with CD4+ T cells counts ≥350 cells/μl.HIV infection was mainly transmitted through sexual contact among the Chinese patients but through injecting drug use among the Burmese patients.Conclusions Epidemiological characteristics of the newly reported HIV infections were different between the Chinese and the Burmese,between 2012 and 2016 in Dehong.Targeted prevention and control programs should be taken.

Objective: To obtain HIV incidence among injection drug users (IDU) and female sex workers (FSW) in Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province during 2009-2017. Methods: We recruited drug users and female sex workers from all sentinel surveillance sites across Dehong Prefecture during 2009-2017. A total of 10 480 IDU and 18 126 FSW in Dehong Prefecture were recruited by fingerprint technique. Data about drug uses, commercial sexual behavior, sociodemographic characteristics was collected by structured questionnaire. HIV-positive patients who were long-term infected or with CD4⁺ T cell count was ≤200 were not included for further HIV incidence testing. Also, those who self-identified as on antiretroviral treatment (ART) or AIDS cases were also excluded. A total of 841 and 157 plasma specimens from IDU and FSW that met the inclusion criterion were finally included, respectively. Limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay(LAg-Avidity EIA) were performed to calculate the HIV incidence among these two sub-populations. Results: A total of 3 444 IDU were HIV-positive, among which 884 (25.7%) were Burmese with age of (30.4±7.7), and 2 560 were Chinese with age of (36.6±7.3). Among 228 HIV-positive FSW, 109 (47.8%) were Burmese with age of (27.1±6.3), 119 (52.5%) were Chinese with age of (29.9±11.1). For IDU, the estimated HIV incidence among Burmese in 2009-2010, 2011-2012, 2013-2014, 2015-2017 was 4.20% (95%CI: -0.55%-8.95%), 7.75% (95%CI: 2.95%-12.55%), 11.79% (95%CI: 5.38%-18.20%), 10.30% (95%CI: 5.67%-14.94%), respectively, while Chinese were 3.11% (95%CI: 1.59%-4.64%), 0.03% (95%CI: -0.03%-0.08%), 1.55% (95%CI: 0.54%-2.57%), 0.58% (95%CI: -0.06%-1.04%), respectively. In 2009-2011, 2012-2014, 2015-2017, estimated HIV incidence among Burmese FSW was 0.22% (95%CI: -0.21%-0.64%), 1.24%(95%CI: 0.15%-2.32%), 0.55%(95%CI: 0.01%-1.08%). Whereas, estimated HIV incidence among Chinese FSW was 0.62% (95%CI: 0.25%-0.98%), 0.11% (95%CI: -0.04%-0.26%), 0.22% (95%CI: 0-0.44%). Conclusion HIV incidences among Chinese IDU and FSW are on the downward trend, while Burmese IDU and FSW seem to be gaining momentum.

Objective An approach for analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies using Hiseq high-throughput sequencing (hereinafter referred to as Hiseq sequencing) technique was developed and then applied to investigate a possible case of HCV needle sharing transmission. Methods One case of HCV antibody seroconversion (P1) was found in a methadone clinic on January 15, 2015. Four HCV antibody positive injecting drug users (IDUs), P2 to P5, suspected to be involved in needle sharing transmission with P1 during the period (after March 24, 2014) that P1 may be infected with HCV were investigated, and another 28 HCV antibody positive IDUs were selected as controls (C1 to C28). These controls came from the same methadone clinic or lived in the same town with P1. The RNAs were extracted from the plasma specimens and then reverse-transcribed into cDNA. After HCV subtyping, Hiseq sequencing was performed to detect and sequence the HCV quasispecies (263 bp) in the specimens with the same subtype as P1. The frequency of quasispecies was counted and ranked. Intrapersonal and interpersonal genetic distance and phylogenetic tree were calculated. Results The HCV subtype of specimen P1 was 3b. All the other specimens with the same subtype were P2, C7, C12, C14, C15, C16, C19, C20 and C28. Hiseq sequencing was successfully performed in 9 out of these 10 specimens, and 249 753 to 1 086 333 (average 869 608) cleaned sequences representing 3 to 172 (average 48) unique HCV quasispecies were obtained. The medians (P50) of intrapersonal genetic diversities from the 9 specimens were 0.4% to 12.3%. The P50 (P25, P75) of genetic diversities between P1 and the other 8 specimens were 19.0% (18.4%, 19.8%), 10.4%(2.8%, 18.3%), 19.6% (17.8%, 21.4%),24.9% (23.8%, 26.1%), 19.8% (18.7%, 20.7%), 20.1% (18.9%, 21.2%), 20.6% (20.0%, 21.1%), 23.6% (22.4%, 24.8%). There were no significant difference between the genetic diversities of P1 and P2 and those of P1 and other 7 specimens (H=9.40, P=0.100). The genetic diversities between few HCV quasispecies from P1 and few ones from C7 were 0. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that there was no HCV transmission relationship between P1 and P2, but there was HCV transmission relationship between P1 and C7. Conclusion With the feature of high-throughput, easier operation and lower cost, Hiseq sequencing technique has high practical value in tracing HCV transmission at the quasispecies level.

Objective An approach for analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) quasispecies using Hiseq high-throughput sequencing (hereinafter referred to as Hiseq sequencing) technique was developed and then applied to investigate a possible case of HCV needle sharing transmission. Methods One case of HCV antibody seroconversion (P1) was found in a methadone clinic on January 15, 2015. Four HCV antibody positive injecting drug users (IDUs), P2 to P5, suspected to be involved in needle sharing transmission with P1 during the period (after March 24, 2014) that P1 may be infected with HCV were investigated, and another 28 HCV antibody positive IDUs were selected as controls (C1 to C28). These controls came from the same methadone clinic or lived in the same town with P1. The RNAs were extracted from the plasma specimens and then reverse-transcribed into cDNA. After HCV subtyping, Hiseq sequencing was performed to detect and sequence the HCV quasispecies (263 bp) in the specimens with the same subtype as P1. The frequency of quasispecies was counted and ranked. Intrapersonal and interpersonal genetic distance and phylogenetic tree were calculated. Results The HCV subtype of specimen P1 was 3b. All the other specimens with the same subtype were P2, C7, C12, C14, C15, C16, C19, C20 and C28. Hiseq sequencing was successfully performed in 9 out of these 10 specimens, and 249 753 to 1 086 333 (average 869 608) cleaned sequences representing 3 to 172 (average 48) unique HCV quasispecies were obtained. The medians (P50) of intrapersonal genetic diversities from the 9 specimens were 0.4% to 12.3%. The P50 (P25, P75) of genetic diversities between P1 and the other 8 specimens were 19.0% (18.4%, 19.8%), 10.4%(2.8%, 18.3%), 19.6% (17.8%, 21.4%),24.9% (23.8%, 26.1%), 19.8% (18.7%, 20.7%), 20.1% (18.9%, 21.2%), 20.6% (20.0%, 21.1%), 23.6% (22.4%, 24.8%). There were no significant difference between the genetic diversities of P1 and P2 and those of P1 and other 7 specimens (H=9.40, P=0.100). The genetic diversities between few HCV quasispecies from P1 and few ones from C7 were 0. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that there was no HCV transmission relationship between P1 and P2, but there was HCV transmission relationship between P1 and C7. Conclusion With the feature of high-throughput, easier operation and lower cost, Hiseq sequencing technique has high practical value in tracing HCV transmission at the quasispecies level.

For wild natural medicine, unanticipated biodiversity as species or varieties with similar morphological characteristics and sympatric distribution may co-exist in a single batch of medical materials, which affects the efficacy and safety of clinical medication. DNA barcoding as an effective species identification tool is limited by its low sample throughput nature. In this study, combining DNA mini-barcode, DNA metabarcoding and species delimitation method, a novel biological sources consistency evaluation strategy was proposed, and high level of interspecific and intraspecific variations were observed and validated among 5376 Amynthas samples from 19 sampling points regarded as "Guang Dilong" and 25 batches of proprietary Chinese medicines. Besides Amynthas aspergillum as the authentic source, 8 other Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) were elucidated. Significantly, even the subgroups within A. aspergillum revealed here differ significantly on chemical compositions and biological activity. Fortunately, this biodiversity could be controlled when the collection was limited to designated areas, as proved by 2796 "decoction pieces" samples. This batch biological identification method should be introduced as a novel concept regarding natural medicine quality control, and to offer guidelines for in-situ conservation and breeding bases construction of wild natural medicine.