Varying doses of cobra crude venom were injected subcutaneously into rats.Formaking frozen and methylaldehyde fixed,paraffin embeded sections,tissues blockswere taken from the injected site muscles,hearts,livers,spleens,lungs,kidneysand diaphragms either immediately,or 6,12,24hrs after death.Tissue sectionswere stained with and ABC-immunocytochemical techniques.On HE stained sections,edema,heamorrhage,congestion were observed.Coludyswelling,necrosis,and breakdown of cells were seen in most of the organs.Nospecific morphological changes has been found.On the frozen sections of the musc-les taken from the injected site,kidneys and livers,the venom has been identifiedby ABC-immunocytochemical staining.Although as little as 2LD_(50) (2mg/kg) venomwas given,it could be demonstrated on the membrane of the muscle even 24 hrs afterdeath.In case of large amount of venom (11LD_(50) ) poisoning,the venom was alsofound in nucleus of liver cells and in the endothelial cells of capillaries of renalglomeruli.The pathogenesie of localization of snake venom in endothelial cells ofrenal glomerular capillaries was discussed,there is No report about the localizationof snake venom in nucleus of liver cells It is a very interesting phenomenonIt is usggested that the ABC-immunocytochemical stain is a sensitive and specificmethodforid entifying sanke venom in tissues of snake biting victims.

ve To explore and improve the procedures of operation and experimental conditions of deter-mination of iodide in drinking water by catalytic reducing spectrophotometry. Methods The improved assay was carried out at room temperature instead of constant temperature water bath. The standard solution series [1~10?g/L or 10-100?g/L iodine(I-) ] were selected based on the contents of iodide in water samples estimated by "three-tube method" . The duration of catalytic reducing reaction was defined based on the decolorant intensity of Ce4+ observed by visual method. The linear regression equation of Ig E0/Ef ; (Eo: blank absorbance; Ei : standard absorbance) was used to replace the nonlinear standard curve of absorbance. Results The contents of iodide in blind water sample of analytical quality control determined by this method highly accorded with its ture value [(4.00?0.20)mg/L]provided by institution of analytical quality control. The linear regression equation of standard solution series was calculated by lg E0/Ei as y = 0.062x + 0.018(r = 0.999) . Conclusion The improved assay simplifying analytical instruments and operations was suitable for determination of iodide in drinking water in common laboratories.

Objective To investigate hospital staffs' appraisals on public hospitals reform.Methods 890 medical staffs were randomly investigated by questionnaire,to learn their comments on the implementation of reform measures,public-benefit nature and reform outcomes of the reform,as well as problems found with the government and improvement suggestions,and difficulties encountered in such a reform.Results The hospital staffs' appraisals on the reform tend to be low,as 36.4％ of them hold that the reform is less effective in its outcomes or a mere formality (19.8％).The staff blamed the lack of system breakthrough (67.9％),lack of financial support (61.1％),and insufficient support from the doctors as stakeholders (49.1 ％),for most of the problems of the reform.Conclusion It is suggested to win over support of the medical staff for the reform; to improve the laws and policies related to the reform; and to establish an effective supervision system for public hospitals.

According to the investigation result in 398 students of the College of Pharmacy of Chongqing Medical University on study motivation,atitude,extracurricular study time and study method,the entire status of study attitude in pharmacutical students and the effect of study motivation,attitude,grade diversity and gender difference on learning were analyzed.It is indicated that the pharmacutical students in medical university are a group with a certain speciality.Therefore,in order to improve the educational quality of pharmacy,the teaching and students affairs should be developed with clear target.

AIM: To evaluate the therapeutic effect and safety of the rifamycin sodium injection (SV) in treatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. METHODS: 44 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were randomly allocated to two groups: rifamycin sodium group and routine treatment group. Chemotherapy regimens: in the rifamycin sodium group, 21 cases were treated with the regimen of 2HZE+SV/7HR; and in the routine treatment group, 23 cases were treated with the regimen of 2HRZE/7HR. RESULTS: The sputum negative conversion rate of the rifamycin sodium group was 85.7 %, and the foci vanishing rate was 90.5 %, while the both rates in the routine treatment group were 60.9 % and 60.9 %, respectively. There was significant difference between the two groups (P

Objective To observe the expression of Glu、mGluR 5 and EAAT 1 in bone tissues of ovariectomized osteoporotic rats and the effects of Total Flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae (TFRD) on it. Methods 45 SPF 3-month-old Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats were randomly divided into sham operation (Sham, n=15) group and ovariectomized (OVX, n=30) group. The osteoporotic(OP) model was established by bilateral ovariectomy, 14 weeks later, we measured bone mineral density(BMD) by dual-energy X-ray and determined that OP model was successfully replicated, OVX group rats were then divided into OVX group (n=15) and OVX+TFRD group (n=15). The OVX+TFRD group was given TFRD for 12 weeks. Glutamate (Glu), metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR 5), and Glutamate/Aspartate Transporter (GLAST/EAAT 1)’s expression of femur was examined in order to clarify the characteristics of bone glutamate signaling pathway and the effects of TFRD on it. Results Glu and ionotropic receptors mGluR 5 mainly distributed in bone marrow cells and osteoblasts closed to the bone marrow cavity walls. There were no significant differences in Glu expression among Sham group, OVX group and OVX+TFRD group. The mGluR 5 expression of OVX+TFRD group was significantly higher than that of Sham group and OVX group(P=0.009), while no significant difference was found between the latter two groups. In addition to large distribution in bone marrow cells, small amount of transporter EAAT 1 was noted to express in bone cells of the bone lacunae. There were no significant differences in EAAT 1 expression among the three groups. Conclusion In bone glutamate signaling pathway, this study demonstrated that TFRD could significantly improve the ionotropic receptor mGluR 5’s expression, but had no inlfuence for Glu and EAAT 1.

Objective To explore the clinical efficacy and complications of the surgical treatment of sternal tumor resection and titanium mesh reconstruction.Methods From 2008 January to 2012 June,there were 8 cases of sternal tumor patients in our hospital,including 5 male and 3 female,with an average age of 50.4 (37-66) years old.The histological morphology included 2 cases of chondrosarcoma,1 case of osteosarcoma,2 cases of malignant fibrous histiocytoma,eosinophilic granuloma in 1 case,and 2 cases of sternal metastasis of breast cancer.Tumor invasion sites included the sternal manubrium in 3 cases,the body in 2 cases,and both in 3 cases.All patients had undergone preoperative puncture or incision biopsy.8 cases of sternal tumor patients were treated with sternal tumor resection and reconstruction of the thorax using titanium mesh.The clinical effect and complications were retrospectively analyzed.Results All patients were followed up for 9 months to 4 years.The operations went well in all cases,with no intraoperative crisis or operative death.Deep wound hematoma occurred in 1 patient 1 week postoperatively,who healed 2 weeks after drainage and debridement.There was no abnormal breathing,subcutaneous emphysema,pneumothorax,infection or other complications in other cases.1 case of malignant fibrous histiocytoma died of lung metastasis at 9 months follow-up,and 1 died of liver metastasis at 14 months,while other patients got no tumor recurrence,with good thoracic shape,free breathing,no titanium mesh loosening,dyspnea,chest tightness,pain,or abnormal respiratory discomfort during follow-up period.The chest radiograph showed no chest deformity,no loosening or fracture of the fixation device.Conclusion Sternal tumor resection and reconstruction with titanium mesh has the advantages of good shaping effect,fewer complications,and simple operation,showing that titanium mesh is an ideal material for the reconstruction of sternum.

Objective To investigate the association of the polymorphism of the N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2 )gene with isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity and anti-tuberculous treatment efficacy in Chinese Han patients with tuberculosis(TB).Methods A total of 108 TB patients who received initial anti-TB treatment were followed up prospectively.A polymerase chain reaction direct sequencing approach was used to detect genetic polymorphisms of the NAT2 gene.Associations between NAT2 genotype and isoniazid-induced hepatitis/early treatment were analyzed.Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results Among the 108 TB patients, intermediate-acetylators (IA ) was the most frequent NAT2 genotype with the proportion of 54.63%(59/108).The proportion of rapid-acetylators(RA)was 33.33%(36/108),slow-acetylators (SA)was 10.19%(11/108)and super-rapid acetylators was 1 .85 % (2/108). Among the 20 patients who developed drug-induced hepatitis,2 were RA,5 were SA and 13 were IA. Regarding NAT2 genotype,RA patients had a lower incidence of hepatotoxicity (OR =0.176,95 %CI :0.038-0.809,P =0.014)and SA patients were more likely to developed drug-induced hepatic injury (OR=4.556,95 %CI :1 .231 -16.854,P =0.044 ).Statistical analysis revealed that the frequency of variant diplotypes,NAT2*4/*6A (OR=7.741 ,95 %CI :2.653-22.586,P <0.01 )and NAT2 *6A/*6A (OR=15 .353,95 %CI :1 .506 -156.552,P =0.020)were significantly increased in TB patients with hepatotoxicity.NAT2 *4/*4 was less likely to developed hepatic injury (OR =0.176,95 %CI :0.038-0.809,P =0.014).Among the 58 culture-positive patients,12(31 .03%)were persistent culture positive after 2 months standard therapy.Early treatment failure was observed with significantly higher incidence rate in RA than other genotypes (OR = 7.200, 95 % CI :1 .794-28.900, P = 0.008). Conclusions In Chinese Han TB patients,IA is the most frequent NAT2 genotype.The SA status of NAT2 is a risk factor of isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity.The diplotype of NAT2 *6A has clearly high risk of isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity.In contrast,NAT2 * 4/* 4 is protective diplotype.RA is associated with early treatment failure in culture-positive patients.

Objective To summarize the cl inical characteristics and imaging features of psittacosis. Methods The clinical features and imaging appearances of 3 cases with acute psittacosis were retrospectively analyzed. The related literature was reviewed . Results The clinical manifestation of psittacosis was high fever in the patients. Physical findings included pulse-temperature dis sociation, localized lung crackles, hepatomegaly, and splenomegaly. Laboratory findings showed elevation of ESR in all cases, and liver dysfunction was present in 2 cases. The counts of white blood cells were normal, but the percent of ne utrophils might be increased. The chest X-ray and CT scan showed air-space co nsolidation and ground-glass attenuation in the lung, and miliary, nodular, or consolidated shadows were found in pathological areas. Pleural effusions were a lso present in 2 cases. Psittacosis was diagnosed from the history of exposure to infected parrots and elevation of the IgG and IgM titer for Chlamydia psittac i. Erythromycin was effective in all 3 patients. Conclusion Although the appearance of psittacosis on clinical findings and chest X-r ay and CT scan is not characteristic, psittacosis can be diagnosed with the comb ination of the history of exposure to infected parrots and laboratory findings. CT scan can reveal the focus earlier and accurately, and catching the imaging f eatures of psittacosis is helpful in differential diagnosis.

Objective To study the characteristics of patients with low body mass index (BMI) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Methods A total of 38 clinically stable patients with moderate-to-severe COPD were enrolled. They were divided into two groups: underweight (UW) group (n=16,BMI<20);normal weight(NW) group(n=22, 20≤BMI<26). Body height and weight, smoking indexs, and six minutes walk distance (6MWD) were assayed. The British Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnea scale was used to assess the degree of dyspnea. St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) and Short Form 36 item Questionnaire (SF-36) were used for health-related quality of life (HRQoL) evaluation. The serum concentrations of leptin and ghrelin were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Compared with the NW group, the inspiratory eapacity(IC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV), vital capacity (VC) ,most ventilate volume (MVV) and peak expiratory flow(PEF) were lower(P<0. 05) in the UW group. Residual volume-to-total lung capacity ratio (RV/TLC), smoking indexs and MRC score were higher (all P<0. 05) and 6MWD was significantly lower (P<0. 05) in the UW group than in NW group. Activity scores,impact scores and total scores of SGRQ showed significant deterioration in the UW group (P<0. 05). SF-36 also showed significantly worse scores for the parameters of the emotional and social functioning (P < 0. 05 ). Serum leptin was significantly lower ( P< 0.01 ) and ghrelin was higher in UW group than in NW group (P<0. 05). Stepwise multiple regression analyse showed that lC,mental health(MH) and physical function (PF) of SF-36, leptin,6MWD and smoking indexs were independently correlated with BMI. Conchtsions The pulmonary function, nutritional status, PF and life quality of COPD patients with low BMI were more deteriorative. The most significant influencing factor for BMI in COPD patients was IC. M H,exercise capacity,leptin level and smoking indexs were independently correlated with BMI in COPD patients. It is important to retrieve low BMI in the management of COPD patients.