Surgical resection is one of the important means to achieve long-term survival for patients with liver malignant tumor. However, most of the liver malignant tumor has been diagnosed in the middle and late stage, and lose the chance of surgical treatment. For these patients who have lost the chance of surgery, some surgeons have proposed the concept of planned liver resection, which is to reduce tumor stage and increase future liver remnant (FLR) in a planned way, so as to improve the safety of surgery and prolong the survival time of patients after surgery. For patients with FLR insufficiency after prior evaluation or/and treatment, the technique of hepatic hyperplasia is an important part of planned hepatectomy, that is, to effectively increase FLR in a short period of time by various means. Portal vein ligation (PVL) and portal vein embolization (PVE), associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) and liver venous deprivation (LVD) are three main techniques for hepatic hyperplasia. This article reviews the principle, effect and safety of three liver augmentation techniques.

Malignant obstructive jaundice is caused by direct invasion or compression of the biliary tract by malignant tumors of the bile duct, pancreas and other systems. Patients are often accompanied by symptoms such as malnutrition, low immune function, and organ damage. The treatments of active preoperative biliary drainage and reasonable reinfusion combined with enteral nutrition can help improve the safety of patients during the perioperative period, reduce postoperative complications, and improve the life quality of patients. This article reviewed the research progress of preoperative biliary drainage, bile recycling methods and precautions in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice, aiming to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment practice.

Objective:To evaluate the safety and clinical efficacy of transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) combined with portal vein embolization (PVE) and percutaneous microwave ablation liver partition with PVE for planned hepatectomy in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with insu-fficient remnant liver volume.Methods:The clinical data of 51 patients with initially unresectable HCC due to insufficient remnant liver volume admitted to Zhejiang Provincial Tongde Hospital and Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital from January 2014 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, including 37 males and 14 females, aged (56.7±11.2) years old. Patients were divided into two groups according to the treatment prior to hepatectomy: percutaneous microwave ablation liver partition combined with PVE (AP group, n=12) and TACE with PVE (TP group, n=39). Patients who successfully underwent planned hepatectomy in the above two groups were marked as resectable AP group ( n=10) and the resectable TP group ( n=29), respectively. Clinical data including the waiting time for surgery and the incidence of complications were analyzed. Patients were followed up by telephone or outpatient review. Kaplan-Meier and log-rank analysis were used for survival comparison. Results:The FLR growth rate was higher in AP group [76.5% (65.3%, 81.6%)] than that in TP group [31.4% (28.2%, 41.9%), P<0.01]. The waiting time for planned hepatectomy in the resectable AP group was 12.0 (11.3, 14.5) d, shorter than that in the resec-table TP group [21.0 (15.0, 29.0) d, P<0.05]. The incidence of postoperative complications was higher in the resectable AP group than that in the resectable TP group [80.0% (8/10) vs. 27.6% (8/29), P<0.05]. There was one perioperative death in the resectable AP group. The survival rate after PVE was lower in AP group than that in TP group, and the survival rate after hepatectomy was also lower in the resectable AP group than that in the resectable TP group (all P<0.05). Conclusion:For HCC patients with insufficient FLR, TACE combined with PVE is a safe and effective method for enlargement of liver remnant, whereas percutaneous microwave ablation liver partition with PVE showed a poor prognosis, despite the higher rate of FLR enlargement and shortened the waiting time for planned hepatectomy.

Objective:To study the causes of hemorrhage after laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPD) and to develop countermeasures in its prevention.Methods:The clinical data of 215 patients who underwent LPD at the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital from December 2013 to May 2020 were reviewed. The patients’ clinical data including gender, age, comorbidities and postoperative complications such as bleeding, pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula and intraperitoneal infection were studied, with the aims to analyze the causes, clinical manifestations and treatment results of post-pancreaticoduodenectomy hemorrhage (PPH) after LPD.Results:Of 215 patients, there were 132 males and 83 females, aged (60.7±10.3) years. PPH occurred in 20 patients, incidence rate was 9.30%(20/215). Early hemorrhage was mainly caused by inadequate hemostasis or loosening of vascular clips, while delayed hemorrhage was mainly caused by gastrointestinal fistula with vascular erosion, arterial injury by intraoperative energy instruments or pseudoaneurysms. Among the 20 patients, 6 patients had early hemorrhage and 14 delayed hemorrhage. There was 1 patient with grade A, 10 with grade B and 9 with grade C hemorrhage. Thirteen patients developed pancreatic fistula, 1 biliary fistula, and 2 intraperitoneal infection. One patient responded well to conservative treatment. Hemostasis was successfully achieved by gastroscopy ( n=1) and interventional therapy ( n=7). Eleven patients required laparotomy for hemostasis. In this study, 14 of 20 patients survivied PPH and 6 patients died. The mortality rate was 30% (6 of 20 patients with PPH). Conclusions:Early hemorrhage was caused by inadequate hemostasis or loosening vascular clips, while delayed hemorrhage was related to gastrointestinal fistula with vascular erosion, arterial injury by intraoperative energy instrument or pseudoaneurysm. Careful hemostasis, adequate protection of blood vessels, and accurate anastomosis should be performed in LPD. DSA angiography should be used for arterial hemorrhage which progressed very rapidly. Interventional therapy including embolism and stenting were means to control arterial bleeding in PPH. Decisive surgical exploration when interventional therapy failed was important in reducing the mortality rate of these patients.