The multi-component pharmacokinetic study of Chinese herbal extracts elaborates the in vivo processes,including absorption,distribution,metabolism,and excretion,of multiple bioactive components,which is of significance in revealing pharmacodynamic material basis of Chinese herbal medicine. In recent years,with the innovation in ideas,and development of techniques and methods on traditional Chinese medicine( TCM) research,the pharmacokinetic studies of Chinese herbal extracts were extensively performed,and notable progress has been made. This paper reviewed the advancement of multi-component pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal extracts in recent five years from analysis technology of biological sample,the pharmacokinetic characteristics of Chinese herbal medicine with complex system,and the impacts of processing and pathological state on pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal extracts,aiming to provide a reference for quality control,product development and rational medication of Chinese herbal extracts.
China ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Quality Control

Seventy two patients with initial cerebral infarction admitted in the Second Hospital of Jiaxing from March 2017 to October 2017 were enrolled. Patients underwent conventional ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography for two-dimensional echo grading and neovascularization grading of carotid artery plaques respectively. There were 113 carotid plaques in 72 patients with cerebral infarction,27 cases recurred after 1 years with 44 patches. The echo grading of recurrence group was mainly grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱ,the number of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ plaques was 23,18,and 3,respectively. The echo grading of non-recurrence group was mainly grade Ⅲ,the number of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ plaques was 36,23,and 40,respectively. The echo grading of carotid artery plaque between the two groups was significantly different (P<0.05). The grade of carotid neovascularization in recurrence group was mainly grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅳ,the number of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ plaques was 2,5,27 and 10,respectively. The echo grading of non-recurrence group was mainly grade Ⅰ and grade Ⅱ,the number of Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ plaques was 24,52,14 and 9,respectively. There was significant difference in the grade of carotid neovascularization between the two groups (P<0.05). The area under curve(AUC) of echo grade<Ⅱ,echo grade<Ⅲ,neovascularization grade>Ⅰ,neovascularization grade>Ⅱ and neovascularization grade>Ⅲ in predicting the recurrence of cerebral infarction were 0.553,0.641,0.587,0.793 and 0.557,respectively,the AUC of neovascularization grade>Ⅱ was significantly higher than the other four criteria (P<0.01). The recurrence curves of carotid plaques with different neovascularization grades were significantly different (χ²=49.18,P<0.01). Carotid plaque vulnerability evaluated by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography is an effective indicator for predicting recurrence of cerebral infarction.

Human T lymphocytes are divided into αβT cells and γδT cells on the basis of the different expressions of T cell receptors. In recent years, the studies of the regulation of T cell activation and tolerance by co-stimulatory molecules and their signaling pathways in αβT cell have made remarkable progress; however, relatively fewer investigations have been performed on γδT cells. A clearer understanding of the roles of co-stimulatory molecules and their signaling pathways in the positive/negative regulation of γδT cells at different stages will provides new insights for the treatment of viral infections, cancer, autoimmune diseases, transplant rejection, and other conditions.
Humans ; Lymphocyte Activation ; physiology ; Signal Transduction ; T-Lymphocyte Subsets ; physiology

AIMTo demonstrate the protective effect of nitric oxide (NO) on gastric mucosa and its relationship to the acid secretion of parietal cells under stress in rats.

METHODSWater immersion-restraint stress (WRS) model in SD rats was performed. The gastric mucosal ulcer index (UI), NO contents in gastric mucosa and H+, K(+) -ATPase activity of parietal cells were measured. The effects of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester(L-NAME) and L-arginine (L-Arg) on the H+, K(+)-ATPase activity of parietal cells and stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion were observed.

RESULTSL-NAME pretreatment decreased NO contents in gastric mucosa, activated H+, K(+) -ATPase activity of parietal cells and aggravated gastric mucosal lesion, whereas L-Arg pretreatment increased NO contents, inhibited H+, K(+) -ATPase activity and significantly ameliorated stress-induced gastric mucosal lesion.

CONCLUSIONEndogenous nitric oxide plays an important role in protecting gastric mucosa from stress-induced lesion by inhibiting H+, K(+) -ATPase activity of parietal cells.

Animals ; Arginine ; metabolism ; Gastric Acid ; secretion ; Gastric Mucosa ; metabolism ; H(+)-K(+)-Exchanging ATPase ; metabolism ; Male ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase ; metabolism ; Oxidative Stress ; Parietal Cells, Gastric ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Stomach Ulcer ; metabolism ; pathology ; Stress, Physiological

Objective:To investigate the effect of virtual reality balance training on knee proprioception after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Methods:From January, 2016 to December, 2018, 72 patients after ACLR were randomly divided into control group (n = 36) and observation group (n = 36). On the basis of routine rehabilitation, they received routine balance training and balance training with virtual reality, respectively, for eight weeks. Before and after training, the center of pressure (COP) time stability, the COP speed (COPS) of closed eyes, the COPS of one leg, the knee joint reaction time, the center of pressure area (COPA) and the active joint angle recurrence deviation were measured. Results:After training, the COP time stability, the COPS of closed eyes, the COPS of one leg, knee joint reaction time, COPA and active joint angle recurrence deviation improved in both groups (|t|>5.611, P < 0.001); and the COP time stability, the COPS of closed eyes, the COPS of one leg, the knee joint reaction time and active joint angle recurrence deviation were better in the observation group than in the control group (|t| > 3.232, P < 0.01), however, no significant difference was found in COPA between two groups (t = 1.054, P = 0.296). Conclusion:Virtual reality balance training can improve the proprioception of knee joint after ACLR, which is better than routine balance training.

PURPOSE: To explore the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic external carotid branch pseudoaneurysms. METHODS: Eleven cases of traumatic external carotid artery branch pseudoaneurysms were admitted in our hospital. Digital subtraction angiography was performed in all patients. It revealed that the pseudoaneurysms originated from the internal maxillary artery in 5 cases, superficial temporal artery in 5 cases and occipital artery in 1 case. Five cases of internal maxillary artery pseudoaneurysms and 2 cases of superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysms were treated by embolization; the other 3 cases were surgically resected. RESULTS: Complete cessation of nasal bleeding was achieved in all the 5 pseudoaneurysms of internal maxillary artery after the endovascular therapies. Scalp bleeding stopped and scalp defect healed up in 2 patients with superficial temporal artery pseudoaneurysms treated by interventional therapy. All patients were followed up for 0.5-2.0 years without recurrence of nosebleed and scalp lump. CONCLUSION For patients with repeated severe epistaxis after craniocerebral injury, digital subtraction angiography should be performed as soon as possible to confirm traumatic pseudoaneurysm. Endovascular therapy is an effective method for traumatic internal maxillary artery pseudoaneurysms. For patients with scalp injuries and pulsatile lumps, further examinations including digital subtraction angiography should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Surgical treatment or endovascular therapy for scalp traumatic pseudoaneurysm is effective.
Aneurysm, False/therapy* ; Angiography, Digital Subtraction ; Carotid Artery Injuries/therapy* ; Carotid Artery, External/diagnostic imaging* ; Embolization, Therapeutic ; Humans

It is extremely dangerous to treat the posterior third of the superior sagittal sinus (PTSSS) surgically, since it is usually not completely ligated. In this report, the authors described the case of a 27-year-old man with a ruptured and defective PTSSS caused by an open depressed skull fracture, which was treated by ligation of the PTSSS and the patient achieved a positive recovery. The patient's occiput was hit by a height-limiting rod and was in a mild coma. A CT scan showed an open depressed skull fracture overlying the PTSSS and a diffuse brain swelling. He underwent emergency surgery. When the skull fragments were removed, a 4 cm segment of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) and the adjacent dura mater were removed together with bone fragments. Haemorrhage occurred and blood pressure dropped. We completed the operation by ligating the severed ends of the fractured sagittal sinus. One month after the operation, apart from visual field defects, he recovered well. In our opinion, in primary hospitals, when patients with severely injured PTSSS cannot sustain a long-time and complicated operation, e.g., the bypass using venous graft, and face life-threatening conditions, ligation of the PTSSS is another option, which may unexpectedly achieve good results.
Adult ; Cranial Sinuses ; Humans ; Male ; Skull Fracture, Depressed/surgery* ; Superior Sagittal Sinus/surgery* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

Adolescent ; Adult ; Ankle Injuries ; surgery ; Arthroscopy ; Female ; Fractures, Bone ; surgery ; Humans ; Male

OBJECTIVETo investigate the clinical effect of repairing soft tissue defect after hand wound using reverse island skin flap of upper carpal cutaneous branches of ulnar artery.

METHODSFrom June 2010 to November 2016, 12 patients with hand soft tissue defects were repaired by reverse island skin flap of upper carpal cutaneous branches of ulnar artery, including 9 males and 3 females with an average age of (35.2±9.4) years old ranging from 22 to 58 years. The defect area varied from 7.0 cm×3.0 cm to 12.0 cm×7.0 cm. Time interval from injury to operation ranged from 3 to 15 days with an average of (8.4±2.6) days. The flap was designed beforehand according to the size of the defect, sharply dissected the aponeurotic fascia from the proximal to the distal, abscised the communicating branch between the flap and the ulnar artery at the wrist epithelial branch, repairing the defect of flap with method of metastasis retrograde. The sensation, shape of the flap and hand function were observed, and the upper extremity function was evaluated according to the standard of hand surgery branch from Chinese Medical Association to assessment of functional recovery.

RESULTSThe flaps in 10 patients obtained primary healing, the healed time was 14 to 18 days with an average of(15.0±1.5) days. Two patients occurred distal flap necrosis, and wound surface healed after change dressing and skingrafting cover. All patients were followed up from 3 to 15 months with an average of(7.0±3.8) months. According to the upper extremity functional evaluation standard by hand surgery branch of Chinese Medical Association, 2 cases got excellent results, 7 good, 2 fair and 1 poor.

CONCLUSIONSReverse island skin flap of upper carpal cutaneous branches of ulnar artery for the treatment of soft tissue defect caused by hand wound has advantages of concealed donor area, no need sacrifice the main blood vessel, flap thin and no need repair it for thick and thin.

GATA transcription factor family members have been found to involve in the growth and differentiation of mammary gland. Among them GATA-3 is regarded as the most critical regulator involving the tumorigenesis of breast cancer (BC). Recently, trichorhinophalangeal syndrome-1 gene (TRPS-1), a new GATA family member, has been identified to be highly prevalent in breast cancer. Compared with ER-negative breast cancer, the expression of TRPS-1 is higher in ER-positive breast cancer and was significantly correlates with estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and GATA-3, indicating it may serve as a ductal epithelial cell-specific regulator in the differentiation of breast ductal epithelial cells. Studies have shown that miR221/222 is able to downregulate the expression of an epithelial cell marker E-cadherin by targeting TRPS-1, resulting in mammary epithelial cells transition to mesenchymal cell (EMT). In addition, it has been well accepted that, and the Science and Technology Bureau of Jiaxing (2012AY1071-2)TRPS-1 plays a role in the differentiation of several other cell types including kidney nephric mesenchymal cells, columnar chondrocytes, and osteoclasts, indicating that TRPS-1 involves in mesenchymal-to-epithelial cell transition (MET). In this article, we summarize the roles of GATA transcription factor TRPS-1 in ductal epithelial cells and the roles of its gene and protein expressions in predicting the prognosis of breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms ; genetics ; pathology ; DNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition ; Female ; GATA3 Transcription Factor ; genetics ; Humans ; Transcription Factors ; genetics