In recent year , there are some questions about abortion of disposal .Though the aborted fetus is un-born, the aborted fetus in different stage has the different attribute of ethics .It should be considered with the hu-man right and the personality right .The value in embryonic stem research and organ transplantation of aborted fetus has raised some problems , such as ethical review , the choice of test sample .The existing legal provisions are not sufficient to solve practical problems .We should disposal aborted fetus of different stage through the way of more moral significance .

Analysis on currently used stomatology textbooks for both graduates and postgraduates in China was performed and comparison in stomatology text or reference books between china and American was made.It was found that the types and numbers of stomatology textbooks for both graduates and postgraduates in China were very limited compared with those in American.Many textbooks needed for dental education were insufficient.Great efforts should be made to select relevant topics or titles and to prepare text or reference books accordingly in an aim to meet the needs of today's high quality dental education.

The traditional discipline-centered curriculum design can neither keep up with developments of modern medical science nor reach requirements of the education reform in the new century.Since 2011,College of Stomatology in School of Medicine in Shanghai Jiao Tong University had developed ‘ disease oriented integrated curriculum system reform’ for students of long-term stomatology education.In view of the problems existing in the original curriculum system,the integrated curriculum system was set up by coalescing clinical medicine curriculum according to the related systems and oral medicine curriculum according to the developmental rules of diseases.Lectures were combined with discussion classes in the reform and performance appraisal system was changed from simplex judgments into comprehensive evaluations.At last,further considerations of promoting the reform based on the practice were proposed.

Objective Kunming strain(KM) mice were used as animal models. Nontoxic dextran conjugated with tetramethylrhodamine(TMR)and fluorecein isothiocyante(FITC)was microinjected to two of the 2-cell blastomere as molecular probe to trace the development fate of the blastomere ,in order to figure out the mechanisms of the formation of Em-Ab axis. Methods FITC- dextran was injected to zygote in order to make sure if it is noxious. Two blastomeres of 2-cell embryo were injected FITC- dextran and TMR- dextran respectively. Results When labeled embryo develeped to blastocyst, distribution of progeny of 2-cell embryo blastomeres can be detected.Conclusion The cells of blastomere randomly distributed either embryonic parts or extraembryonic parts of blastocyst.

Objective:To investigate the preventive efficacy of pirfenidone in esophageal stent-related restenosis and the related underlying mechanisms.Methods:Twenty-four rats underwent esophageal stent placement were included in this study. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups, with 8 rats in each group. The three groups were set to receive placebo, 150 mg/kg pirfenidone and 300 mg/kg pirfenidone daily by oral administration for 28 days, respectively. Twenty-eight days after stent placement, the stented esophagi were harvested for histological examinations. The number of epithelial layers, the thickness of submucosal fibrosis, the percentage of granulation tissue area, the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, the degree of collagen deposition, and the α-SMA staining scores were evaluated. One-way ANOVA was performed for the statistical comparison of the number of epithelial layers, the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, the degree of collagen deposition and the α-SMA staining scores among these three groups. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of the thickness of submucosal fibrosis and the percentage of granulation tissue area among the three groups. Results:Gross pathological findings showed that both pirfenidone groups had significantly less luminal fibrotic tissue formation and restenosis than placebo group. The percentage of granulation tissue areas in placebo group, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg pirfenidone groups were 57.23%±25.68%, 21.80%±6.65% and 12.18%±6.37%, respectively. Both pirfenidone groups showed significantly less granulation tissue areas than placebo group ( P<0.01). The degree of inflammatory cell infiltration, the degree of collagen deposition and the α-SMA staining scores were 3.28±0.55, 3.38±0.63 and 2.75±0.38 in placebo group, 2.30±0.46, 2.36±0.58 and 2.00±0.42 in 150 mg/kg pirfenidone group, and 1.86±0.38, 1.91±0.41 and 1.57±0.28 in 300 mg/kg pirfenidone group, respectively. Both pirfenidone groups showed significantly less inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen deposition and α-SMA staining scores than placebo group ( P<0.01). Conclusion:Pirfenidone can suppress esophageal stent-related restenosis in rats by significantly inhibiting inflammation, myofibroblast activation and proliferation, and fibrotic tissue formation.

The interferons(IFNs) are a family of the multifunctional cytokines, which are a kind of highly active and multifunctional glycoproteins.Studies in recent years have shown that IFNs exert a powerful antitumor effect by regulating the proliferation of tumor cells, suppressing tumor metastasis and angiogenesis, and activating antitumor immune response.Combined with other tumor treatment methods, it can inhibit the development of a variety of blood system tumors and solid tumors.In addition, the use of IFNs inducers or IFNs combined with emerging immunotherapy can significantly increase the effectiveness of tumor therapy.This review focuses on our understanding of antitumor mechanism and clinical application of IFNs, and provides some guidance for future research and clinical treatment.

AIM To prepare the chrysin-phospholipid complex and to investigate its pharmacokinetic behaviors.METHODS Solvent evaporation method was used for preparing the complex.With preparation temperature,preparation time,chrysin concentration and drug-lipid ratio (chrysin-phospholipid) as influencing factors,together with recombination rate as an evaluation index,the preparation was optimized by orthogonal test.The obtained complex was analyzed by X-ray diffraction,differential scanning calorimetry,1H-NMR and 31P-NMR,whose solubility was examined as well.SD rats were intragastrically administered with chrysin and its phospholipid complex,respectively.The blood concentration of chrysin was detected by HPLC,after which the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated.RESULTS The optimal conditions were determined to be 40 ℃ for preparation temperature,2 h for preparation time,20 mg/mL for chrysin concentration,and 1 ∶ 2 for drug-lipid ratio,the recombination rate was close to 100％.Chrysin existed in an amorphous state in the phospholipid complex,which was a new phase rather than physical mixture (chrysin-phosphatidylcholine),and no new chemical bond was generated.Phospholipid complex could significantly increase chrysin's apparent solubility in water and n-octanol,the Cmax,AUC0-t and AUC0-∞ were also obviously increased as compared with raw medicine.CONCLUSION Phospholipid complex can improve both the solubility of chrysin and its oral bioavailability.

Objective:To study the formula of triptolide (TRI) self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) and evaluate the pharmaceutical properties.Methods:The formula and preparation process of triptolide self-microemulsion were screened by the solubility test and pseudo-ternary phase diagram.With the average particle size and self-microemulsifying time as the indices,the further formula optimization of triptolide self-microemulsion was carried out.The pharmaceutical properties of triptolide self-microemulsion were evaluated.Results:The optimal formula of TRI SMEDDS was as follows:the amount of medium chain triglycerides (MCT) was 20%,that of polyoxyethylene castor oil (EL-35) was 40%,and that of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400) was 40% in the oil phase.The average particle size was 43.48 nm,and the time of self-microemulsification was less than 30 s.Conclusion:The average particle size and the appearance of triptolide self-microemulsion are accordance with the requirements of pharmaceutics.Triptolide self-microemulsion has good sustained-release effect,which lays foundation for the further study on pharmacodynamics.

Ablation is one of the important treatment methods for liver cancer, and standard ablation techniques, scientific and rational therapeutic strategy, and close teamwork are important premises for a good clinical effect. Although the efficacy of ablation therapy for liver cancer has gradually increased with the continuous improvement of ablation techniques, there remains a high tumor recurrence rate, and therefore, there is an urgent need for the therapeutic strategies that can improve the efficacy of ablation therapy for liver cancer and the prognosis of patients. Establishment of a diverse team for liver cancer ablation is a new concept put forward on the basis of a conventional team for liver cancer ablation to meet the requirements of ablation therapy for liver cancer. Since a diverse team for liver cancer ablation has potential advantages over a conventional team, it may be a promising mode for establishing a team for liver cancer ablation.

Continuing medical education refers to the completion of basic medical education for inservice education,which is to guarantee the sustainable development of physicians in clinical and scientific research ability,and is the essential means to safeguard and improve the level of medical treatment.Traditional continuing medical education is given priority to the form of regularly organize workshops,so it has some limitations to oral and maxillofacial surgery.MOOC teaching is a kind of large-scale open new online teaching mode.This study provides an overview of the MOOC development,characteristics and development situation in the medical teaching.The necessity and feasibility of MOOC based teaching protocol in oral and maxillofacial surgery continuing medical education has been discussed.And curriculum transformation,construction of education model and possible challenges have also been analyzed and discussed in this paper.