Objective To evaluate the efficacy of segmental tracheal resection with end-to-end anastomosis for cicatricial cervical tracheal stenosis.Methods The clinical outcomes of 40 patients treated with tracheal resection were retrospectively reviewed.There were 28 male patients and 12 female patients with the age ranged from 6 to 64 years (mean 33.7 years).The degree of stenosis was classified according to Myer-Cotton classification as follows:grade Ⅱ (n =7),grade Ⅲ (n =22) and grade Ⅳ (n =11).The stenosis extension ranged from 1.0 to 4.3 cm (mean 2.5 cm).The causes of the stenosis were postintubation (n =33),cervical trauma (n =6) and resection of tracheal neoplasm (n =1).Results Thirty-four(85.0％) patients were decannulated and 6 failed.Of the 6 patients failed,4 were decannulated after reoperation with the sternohyoid myocutaneous flap or thyroid alar cartilage graft.Complications occurred in 10 patients.In 8 patients granulation tissues formed at the site of the tracheal anastomosis,which needed endoscopic resction,and in 2 patients anastomosic dehiscence occurred.No injury to recurrent laryngeal nerve or trachoesophageal fistula occurred.Conclusion Segmental tracheal resection with end-to-end anastomosis is an effective surgical method for tracheal stenosis,which has a higher successful rate for primary operation and shorter therapeutic period.

Patients with oligometastatic prostate cancer based on accurate diagnosis should be given active treatment. We should optimize the benefit through tailored approaches encompassing systemic treatment, local therapy, and metastasis-directed therapy. The optimal combination and duration of systemic treatment are currently undefined. Combining new hormonal agents with androgen deprivation therapy is recommended. Most experts advocate a duration of hormonal therapy ranging from 18 to 36 months. Local therapy for the primary lesion, surgery or radiotherapy, has been clinically validated for its feasibility and effectiveness in oligometastatic prostate cancer patients. Stereotactic ablative radiation therapy for metastatic lesions ensures safe and reliable local control. In summary, maximal eradication of all visible active lesions may confer a survival benefit to these patients. We provide a comprehensive review for the treatment of oligometastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, aiming to contribute insights for clinical diagnosis and treatment.