Despite the continuous improvement of cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB),renal dysfunction remains a frequent complication of cardiac surgery.Previous studies reported that the incidence of acute renal dysfunction following CPB was 7%-40%,while that of acute renal failure(ARF) was 1%-10%.In those who developed ARF,the prognosis was poor,with mortality of about 40%-80%.The present paper reviews the mechanism,risks and available preventive measures of acute renal injury following CPB.

BACKGROUND: Fish oil is one of mainly natural resources of n-3 fatty acids, which can inhibit cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and prolong the survival of cardiac allograft. But, the mechanism is unclear. Recent in vitro data suggested that n-3 fatty acids could inhibit the release of inflammatory transmitter by the activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-y (PPARy). OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that n-3 fatty acids from fish oil ameliorates CAV development via activating PPARy. METHODS: A total of 6 Lewis rats and 18 Fisher344 rats were randomly selected as heart donors. An additional 24 Lewis rats were randomly and equally divided into 4 groups. In isograft group, heart transplantation was performed among Lewis rats, without any drug. In low-dose fish oil-treated group, F344→Lewis transplantation was performed. At 1 day following surgery, 0.03 mL/kg fish oil was treated by gavage for 8 weeks. In high-dose fish oil-treated group, F344→Lewis transplantation was conducted. At 1 day following surgery, 0.06 mL/kg fish oil was treated by gavage for 8 weeks. In control group, F344→Lawis transplantation was conducted. Cyclosporine A was administrated by gavage for 8 weeks. In the low-dose and high-dose fish oil-treated groups, cyclosporine A (1.5 mg/kg) was given daily by intramuscular injection for 2 weeks following surgery. CAV was evaluated by histological examination. Activity of nuclear factor (NF) k-B and PPARy was assessed in homogenate. Contents of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interferon-inducible protein 10 were measured by enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Chemokine receptor CCR2 and CXCR3 expression was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All 24 receptor Lewis rats were survived following surgery. The donor heart could regularly beat at 8 weeks following transplantation. Compared with the isograft group, severe CAV was detected in the control group al 8 weeks. Compared with the control group, CAV was significantly relieved, the activity of PPARy was significantly elevated, the activity of NF k-B was significantly decreased, levels of intragraft monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interferon-inducible protein-10 were significantly reduced in the low-dose and high-dose fish oil-treated groups (P < 0.001, P < 0.05), especially in the high-dose fish oil-treated group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in expression of chemokine receptors CXCR3 in the low-dose and high-dose fish oil-treated groups and control group. Our results demonstrated that n-3 fatty acids from fish oil can attenuate CAV development, possibly through activating PPARy and subsequently inhibiting the NF-kB activation, the chemokines secretion and its receptor expression in a dose-dependent fashion in rat models.

Objective To construct and evaluate a nomogram for predicting the risk of peri-operative complications after radical retro-pubic prostatectomy (RRP) with standard classification criteria.Methods The peri-operative complications and clinicopathological data of 240 patients (50-82 years old) who had undergone RRP for prostate cancer from June 2006 to June 2011 were retrospectively collected.Gleason score:95 cases ＜ 7; 145 patients ≥ 7;Clinical staging:cT1 is 1 case (0.4％),T2a 5 cases (2.1％),T2b 7 cases (2.9％),T2c 162 cases (67.5％),T3a 26 cases (10.8％),T3b 39 cases (16.3％).The peri-operative complications (in 30 days after surgery) were classified by Clavien-Dindo Classification system (the occurrence rates are as follows:rectum injury 1.6％,wound infection 2.0％,deep venous thrombosis 1.2％,urinary leak 5.0％,lymphocele 4.5％,myocardial infarction 5.8％,second look operation 1.6％),and a logistic regression model was used to construct the nomogram.Results BMI,N staging and Blood loss more than 200ml during surgery were independent prognostic factors of RRP morbidity in multivariate logistic regression.The nomogram predicting the risk of peri-operative complications showed relative good concordance index (0.633) and good calibration. Conclusions Based on the clinicopathological factors,a nomogram to predict the probability of peri-operative complications in patients undergone RRP was constructed.This statistical tool may be beneficial in judging operation risk and help consulting with patient before or after surgery.

Objective To summarize our clinical experience of surgical treatment for pediatric patients with ventricular septal defect(VSD) and mitral regurgitation(MR).Methods A retrospective study was performed including consecutive 84 patients with VSD and MR receiving mitral valvuloplasty(MVP) and VSD closure from January 2006 to January 2012 in Shanghai Xinhua Hospital.All patients were associated with pulmonary hypertension(PH,32-85 mm Hg).The diameters of ventricular septal defects were between 0.7 and 1.6 cm.Echocardiography showed that trivial MR (+) in 9 cases,mild MR (++)in 18 cases,moderate MR(+++) in 33 cases,and severe MR(++++) in 24 cases.VSD closure and MVP were performed with cardiopulmonary bypass under moderate systemic hypothermia.The results of repair were evaluated by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during operation.Results Intra-operative TEE results: no residual shunt of VSD,none MR in 80 cases,residual trivial MR in 4 cases.Mean Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time was (84.6 ± 18.5) mins.Mean Aortic clump time was(50.8 ± 11.5) mins.Mean postoperative ventilation time was (38.7 ± 30.2) hours,and mean postoperative inhosptial time was(10.5 ±4.6) days.The in-hospital mortality was 1.2％ (1 case died).78 cases were fully followed up.There was no late death.Echocardiography showed that none MR in 62 cases,trivial MR in 10 cases,mild MR in 4 cases,moderate MR in 2 patients.The overall freedom from reoperation at 5 years was (97.4 ± 1.8) ％.Conclusion Ventricular septal defect with pulmonary hypertension need early surgical repair.MR was treated at the same time of VSD closure could effectively improve the surgical outcome of pediatric patients with ventricular septal defect and mitral regurgitation.

Objective To review the surgical methods and mid-term results of mitral valve repair in pediatric patients with moderate to severe mitral regurgitation (MR).Methods 132 children with moderate to severe MR,aged (18.9 ± 7.2)months,weighted(11.3 ±4.8) kg.The etiology for mitral regurgitation is congenital heart disease in 126 cases,infective endocarditis in 5 cases and Marfan syndrome in 1 case.Mitral valvuloplasty(MVP) was performed with cardiopulmonary bypass under moderate systemic hypothermia.The methods of MVP included annuloplasty,annuloplasty ring,cleft closure,reconstruction of posterior leaflet.The coucomitant cardiac anomalies were treated at the same time.The results of repair were evaluated by saline injection test and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during operation.Results Intra-operative TEE results: 131 cases had none to mild MR,and only one case had moderate MR.The patient underwent second repair immediately,subsequent TEE was mild.Mean cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) time was (80.0 ± 31.1) minutes.Mean aortic clump time was (48.0 ± 17.9) minutes.The in-hospital mortality was 2.3％ (3 cases died).One died of heart failure on postoperative day 7,the other died of low cardiac output syndrome resulting on postoperative day 2.Another one was large ventricular septal defect(VSD) with pulmonary hypertension (PH),died of pulmonary infection.Mean postoperative ventilation time was (34.4 ± 31.9) hours,and mean postoperative inhosptial time was (9.0 ± 5.4) days.The average follow-up period was (40.5 ± 8.3) months (2 to 74 months).122 cases were fully followed up.Echocardiography showed that moderate MR was in 7 patients,and 3 patients had severe MR.4 patients underwent re-do mitral valve repair or mitral valve replacement.There was no late death.The overall survival rate at 5 years was 97.7％ and the overall freedom from reoperation at 5 years was 92.0％.Conclusion Pediatric patients with moderate to severe MR need early surgical treatment,the early and mid-term results were satisfactory.Individualized treatment protocol based on specific pathology was the keypoint of surgical therapy.

Objective To summarize the preliminary experience of early anticoagulant therapy after endovascular stent graft exclusion for Stanford B type aortic dissection.Methods From June 2006 to June 2011,75 patients[ 65 males,10 fe males,mean age (59.1±13.5) years,range 22 -81 years ] under went endovascular stent-graft exclusion for Stafford B type aortic dissection in Shanghai Xinhua Hospital.Computed tomography angiography (CTA) was used to evaluate the lesions of aortic dissection before endovascular stent-graft exchusion.The descending thoracic aortic diameters were 22 mm to 42 mm [ mean (30.3±4.0) mm ].The distance from the breakage of dissection to the left vertebral artery(LSA)was longer than 1.5 mm in 29 cases,and shorter than 1.5cmin 46 cases.During the operation,left subclavian artery revascularization was per formed to patient,whose left vertebral artery was advantage and needs to be fully or partially covered From the second day after operation,asprin was given to patint,whose left subclavian artery was fully or partially coverd by endovascular stent-graft(no endoleak and residual distal tear).Early anticoagulant therapy lasted 3 months.The symptoms or signs about nervous system were observed in the early stage of postoperation,and the CTA was examined at postoperative 3 months.Results The operation succeeded in 75 patients.The diameters of aortic stent were 26mm to 46rmm[ mean(34.3±4.0) mm ].Left subclavian ar tery revascularization was carried out for 2 cases of all patients.The left subclavian artery was fully or partially coverd in 58 patients(fully covered in 19 cases,2/3 covered in 15 cases,1/2 covered in 24 cases),and 56 patints(no endoleak and residualdistal tear) were given anticoagulant therapy to prevent vertebral artery thrombosis.2 patients(2.7％)died in the early stage after operation.1 patient died of renal failure,1 patient died of dissection rupture,The duration of hospitalization was 4 to 19 days [ mean (7.9±3.5)days ].No neurological complications occurred in hospital.The follow-up period was 6 to 66 months.1 patient died during the follow-up,1 patient had recurrence of Stanford A type aortic dissection and was cured by ascending aorta and aortic arch replacement,1 patient had recurrence of Stanford B type aortic dissection and was cured by second endovascular stent-graft exclusion.All patients had no neurological complications,such as cerebral infarction and paraplegia.Concluslon Early anticoagulant therapy could safely and effectively prevent the neurological complications (such as cerebral infarction and paraplegia) related to vertebral artery thrombosis for Stanford B type aortic dissection patients whose left subclavian artery was fully or partially coverd by endovascular stent-graft.

Objective To investigate the levels of oxidative stress in liver tissues of hepatocelluar carcinoma(HCC)patients after transcatheter arterial chemotherapy(TAC).Methods Immunohistochemistry streptavidin biotinylated peroxidase(S-P)method was used to detect the cellular levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine(8-OHdG),p53 and p21~(waf1/cip1).Eighty-nine HCC patients were divided into TAC group(39 cases)and Non-TAC group(50 cases).15 Non-HCC liver tissues served as controls.Result 8-OHdG level was higher in Non-TAC group than that in TAC group in tumor tissues (F=9.516,P＜0.05),with that being the lowest in control group(F=9.516,P＜0.01);8-OHdG levels in cancer tissues were significantly higher than that in tumor surrounding tissues in both TAC group (t=7.101,P＜0.001)and Non-TAC group(t=8.020,P＜0.001),there was no significant difference of 8-OHdG levels between para-tumor tissues and controls.The levels of 8-OHdG between tumor and its surrounding tissues in TAC group(r=0.651,P＜0.001)and non-TAC group(r=0.493,P＜0.01)was in positive correlation.The difference of p53 levels in cancer tissues in TAC group and Non-TAC group were not statistically significant and p53 was not detected in para-tumor tissues.The difference of p21~(waf1/cip1) levels among TAC group,Non-TAC group and controls was statistically significant,the levels of p21~(waf1/cip1) in normal group was the highest(F=13.459,P＜0.001),followed by that in TAC and Non-TAC group in cancer tissues(TAC vs.Non-TAC group,P＜0.01);p21~(waf1/cip1) expression in normal controls was significantly higher than that in both TAC and Non-TAC group in para-tumor tissues(F=16.613,P＜0.001).The correlation of p21 ~(waf1/cip1) levels between tumor and its surrounding tissues was significant in non-TAC group(r=0.872,P＜0.001).Conclusions Oxidative stress levels in HCC tumor tissues were higher than in para-tumor tissues and non-HCC liver tissues.Cancer cells probably survive chemotherapy by fortifying oxidative stress repair mechanism.

In this paper, water extract of Nauclea officinalis was absorbed by AB-8 macroporous resin and subsequently gradient-eluted with alcoholic solution of different proportion to prepare pumiloside monomer of high purity. The metabolites in urine, feces and bile of rats with gavage administration were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF/MS. Accurate MS/MS data of all components were collected with full scan mode, and analyzed by MetaboLynx software. Results showed that the monomer of high-purity pumiloside was prepared and four metabolites in rats were identified.

Objective To explore the application and effectiveness of one-staged or two-staged hybrid minimally invasive surgical and transcatheter ablation for long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation(LSPAF).Methods From Jun 2015 to Dec 2017,a cohort of 56 patients[18 female,mean age of(59.1 ±6.9) years] with long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation underwent one-staged(30 cases) or two-staged(26 cases) hybrid minimally invasive surgical and transcatheter ablation.Mean AF duration was(5.9 ± 3.0) years.Mean left atrial diameter was(45.4 ± 4.2) mm.Mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was 2.3 ± 1.2.Fourteen cases had a history of prior catheter ablation.All patients underwent continuous 24-hour or 48-hour holter monitoring at 3 months,6 months,1 year and yearly thereafter.Results All patients successfully underwent one-staged or two-staged hybrid minimally invasive surgical and transcatheter ablation.During ablation,LSPAF was terminated in 80.0％ (24/30) with one-staged hybrid ablation and 84.6％ (22/26) with two-staged hybrid ablation.At a mean follow-up of(20.3 ± 8.2) months,89.3％ (50/56) patients maintained sinus rhythm.Among them,86.7％ (26/30) patients with one-staged hybrid ablation maintained sinus rhythm,and 92.3％ (50/56) patients with two-staged hybrid ablation maintained sinus rhythm.Six patients with recurrent AF continued to receive warfarin and amiodarone drug therapy.No death or cerebrovascular events occurred.No patient required permanent pacemaker implantation.Conclusion One-staged or two-staged hybrid minimally invasive surgical and transcatheter ablation could be safely and effectively applied to the treatment of LSPAF.The early and midterm outcomes were satisfactory.