Dry eye is the most common ocular surface diseases encountered in the clinic.At present,a system for dry eye diagnosis and treatment has initially been formed in China,but there are still many clinical issues need to be resolved.It is important to improve the definition of dry eye and construct a more rational classification system;pay attention to the epidemiological investigation of dry eye;standardize diagnostic procedures for dry eye;establish the dry eye diagnostic criteria and the correct treatment concept.We propose to develop the clinical guidelines on dry eye classification,diagnostic criteria and treatment principles.

Influenza A (H1N1) is an acute and zoonotic respiratory infectious illness, the prevention and treatment is very important in children as vulnerable groups.There are two mainly categories: neuraminidase inhibitors and M_2 inhibitors.The paper summarizes the characteristics of H1N1 and the latest progress in drug treatment and immunization prevention, as well as traditional medicine treatment,in order to improve public awareness of H1N1.

PurposeCT myelography (CTM) and gadolinium-enhanced MR myelography (Gd-MRM) are essential methods used for localizing spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) and are significant for diagnosis and guided epidural blood patches. This paper analyzes the rate and imaging features of unsuccessful myelography due to misinjection of contrast into epidural space to guide prompt and correct clinical judgment of unsuccessful myelography.Materials and Methods Myelography from 121 patients with SIH was retrospectively reviewed and the image features of the unsuccessful myelography were analyzed.Results A total of 128 myelography examinations were done. Contrast media was accidently injected into the epidural space in 33 examinations. The failure rate was 25.8%. In all 33 failed exams, bilateral spinal nerve roots on both sides of the dural sac passing through contrast media was observed without visualization of anterior and posterior nerve roots. Cauda equina was not seen within contrast media in 29 cases (87.9%); non-diffusion of contrast media into cisterns and ventricles in 26 cases (78.8%). Contrast was not continuous in spinal canal in 16 cases (48.5%), heterogeneous in 10 cases (30.3%). In 4 cases (12.1%) the inner contour of contrast was not smooth.Conclusion The unsuccessful rate of myelography is relatively high in SIH patients. A prompt and correct decision could be made based on the knowledge of contrast misinjection imaging features.

Dig-DNA probes of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome vinus M S gene fragment were prepared by PCR and random primer labeling, The probes had speciality to HFRSV-RNA and could detect 10pg RNA by RNA-DNA dot-blot hybridization. The results of hybridization showed that positive reactions were found in 5, 10 chigger mites groups from antigenic positive rats, 10 mites group from antigenic negative rats, 10, 50 free chigger mites, and hung of antigenic positive mice 100mg, 500mg. But negative reation in 5 mites group from antigenic negative mice.

Objective To evaluate the use of amniotic membrane patches for mild or moderate eye burns at the stage of acute burns and the involved microsurgical techniques.Methods Thirty-four eyes with corneal burns of Ⅱ to Ⅲ degree in which may have partial limbal necrosis were accepted amniotic membrane patching (21 eyes) or pharmaceutical treatment (13 eyes).Four amniotic patches were procured and examined by transmitting electronic microscope when the exposed corneal surface became re-epithelialization after amniotic membrane inching.Results Amniotic patches became partially melting or prolapsed 5-10 (11± 2) days after surgery.The uncovered corneal surface showed quickly re-epithehalized.There were a few thin fibrovascular membrane invaded onto corneal surface in the patients with more than a half limbal necrosis.Postoperative visual acuity increased 1 to 6 (3.3 ± 1.2) lines.The electronic findings showed that most of the infiltrated polymorphonuclear neutrophils in the anmiotic patches became apoptosis.Corneal melting presented in four of 13 eyes who received only drug treatment and lamellar keratoplasty was then performed.The other eyes manifested pseudo-pterygium or symblepharon at different extent.Conclusion Amniotic,patches may reduce the inflammation of burned cornea and corneal neovascularization,accelerate re-epithelialization of corneal surface,even improve the rehabilitation of burned limbal stem cells.

Objective To evaluate the value of three-dimensional power Doppler imaging(3D-PDI) in the discrimination between benign and malignant endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding. Methods Eighty-four women with post menopausal bleeding who examined by 3D-PDI were enrolled. All patients scheduled for pathological examination were divided into benign group (30 cases with endometrial polyps and 34 cases with hyperplasia) and malignant group (20 cases with endometrial carcinoma). Endometrial volume, vascularity index ( VI) , flow index ( FI) and vascularity flow index ( VFI) were measured. The diagnostic value of parameters derived from 3D-PDI was evaluated by using the receiver operating characteristic ( ROC) curve. Results Differences of these parameters (VI, FI and VFI) were considered statistically significant between two groups, the parameters of endometrial volume had no significant differences between two groups; the area under ROC curve(AUC) of the meaningful data were 0.976,0.888 and 0.894 respectively. Among these parameters, VI had the highest diagnostic value for discriminating between benign and malignant endometrium, the cut-off value of which was 2. 97 with a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 86%. Conclusions 3D-PDI is a good diagnostic tools in the discriminations between benign and malignant endometrium in women with postmenopausal bleeding.

Objective To know the epidemiological characteristics of hand-foot-mouth disease in Yangpu District and provide evidence for specific strategies and measures of hand-foot-mouth disease activity prevention and control. Methods Descriptive analysis of the data from hand-foot-mouth disease epidemic situation in Yangpu District from 2005 to 2008 was made. Results 1 348 cases were reported in the whole Yangpu District from 2005 to 2008, and no severe cases, no death. The average morbidity in Yangpu District was 27.48/100 000. The male to female ratio was 1.46∶1. The infection occurred to infants aged from 1 year to 5 years (85.39%). The incidence of the native population children aged 2 to 3 exceeded 10/100 000. The season peak appeared from May to July (70.18%), and outbreaks used to occur at nurseries and kindergartens. The typical clinical presentations mainly included fever and rash. The rash mainly occurred to hands, feet, mouth, buttocks and so on. Conclusions Incidence varied significantly between different sexes, seasons and ages. It can cause large-scale epidemic in a short period of time, the epidemic was very difficult to control, but the leaders attach importance to take the early warning and monitoring, accuratey deal with emergencies, health education promotion and training of comprehensive measures, the epidemic can be effectively controlled.

Objective To investigate the proliferation and collagen secretion of transplanted human fibroblasts.Methods The solution containing human fibroblasts(2?1010L-1)was prepared and 1 mL was injected into the dermis of BALB/CNU nude mice.Animals were killed by the end of the 1st,2nd and 3rd month after injection.The dermis in the injected area was taken out and stained with HE.Immunohistochemical staining for type I and type Ⅲ collagen was performed at the same time.Results Mitosis was observed by the end of the 1st,2nd and 3rd month.The concentration of type I and type Ⅲ collagen in the extra cellular matrix increased with the passing of time.Conclusion Transplanted human fibroblasts can proliferate automatically in the dermis of nude mice and manufacture the type I and type Ⅲ collagen in situ.Long period of survival and secretion will make it possible for fibroblasts to become promising option to correct minimal tissue defects.

Objective To construct a fusion gene (h1a-spaO) encoding H1a-SpaO protein of Sal-monella paratyphi A ( S.paratyphi A) and to express it in prokaryotic expression system , then to further ana-lyze the immunoprotective effects of the expressed protein rH 1a-SpaO.Methods The h1a-spaO fusion gene formed from separate h1a and spaO genes was amplified by PCR using flexible peptide sequence-containing linking primers and then sequenced after T-A cloning.A prokaryotic expression system for expressing h1a-spaO fusion gene was constructed by using the genetic engineering technique .The expressed protein rH1a-SpaO was examined by SDS-PAGE.The antigenicity and immunoreactivity of rH1a-SpaO protein were deter-mined by Western blot assay .The ability of rH1a-SpaO antiserum agglutinating S.paratyphi A strains was detected by micro-Widal′s test.The immunoprotective effects of rH 1a-SpaO against the lethal dose challenge of S.paratyphi A strains were analyzed in a mouse model and that were compared with those by using equal dose of individual recombinant protein H1a and SpaO (rH1a and rSpaO) as the immunogens, respectively. Results The h1a-spaO fusion gene was 100%identical with the individual h1a or spaO gene in nucleotide and amino acid sequences .The constructed prokaryotic expression system could express the recombinant pro-tein rH1a-SpaO with an advantage of high efficiency .rH1a-SpaO protein was able to react with rH 1a or rSpaO antiserum.Moreover, rH1a-SpaO antiserum also could efficiently recognize rH 1a and rSpaO as well as agglutinate Salmonella paratyphi A strains by binding with H-antigen.The immunoprotective rate (93.3%) in mice pre-immunized with 100 μg of rH1a-SpaO protein was significantly higher than that in those pre-immunized with equal dose of rH1a (60.0%) protein or rSpaO protein(53.3%) (P<0.05).Conclusion The recombinant fusion protein rH 1a-SpaO showed more stronger immunoprotective function than the individ-ual rH1a or rSpaO protein , which could be used as an effective antigen for the development of bi -valent para-typhoid A vaccine or typhoid/paratyphoid capsular polysaccharide-protein combined vaccine .

Objective To explore the possibities of routine disinfection for prosthetic sockets. Methods From June to August, 2016, 19 lower limbs prosthesis wearers wiped their prosthetic socket surfaces and sprayed the stump socks with a compound of quaternary ammoni-um salt every night for three weeks. Meanwhile, field investigation and sampling were carried out weekly. Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudo-monas aeruginosa, Escherichia Coli and Candida albicans were isolated and identified, and colony counting was carried out. Results After disinfection, the number of bacteria on the prosthetic socket reduced 1.8-3.0 log, and the number of fungi reduced 1.6-1.9 log. One strain of Staphylococcus aureus and one strain of Escherichia Coli were isolated before disinfection and one strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated after disinfection. Eczema and itching symptoms relieved or disappeared and deodorant effect was distinguished after continuous disinfection. Conclusion Disinfection on prosthetic sockets with compound of quaternary ammonium salt may control the microbial contam-ination and odor, reduce the incidence of eczema and other skin diseases.