Influenza A (H1N1) is an acute and zoonotic respiratory infectious illness, the prevention and treatment is very important in children as vulnerable groups.There are two mainly categories: neuraminidase inhibitors and M_2 inhibitors.The paper summarizes the characteristics of H1N1 and the latest progress in drug treatment and immunization prevention, as well as traditional medicine treatment,in order to improve public awareness of H1N1.

Objective To explore the clinical technique and curative effect of tissue expansion in repairing soft tissue defects of eyelid.Methods Repair of eyelid defects with tissue expansion was performed in 21 patients(21 eyes)from Apr.2004 to Apr.2009,in whom there were 9 males and 12 females,aged 6-48 years(mean 29),in a course of 6 months to 23 years.Twelve defects were in upper eyelid and 9 in lower eyelid.The areas of eyelid scars ranged from 5mm?20mm to 30mm?50mm,and 10 patients were with ectropion of eyelid due to cicatrical contraction.Tissue expanders sized 30-100ml were implanted beneath the normal skin adjacent to lesions of eyelids,and normal saline solution was periodically injected for 3 to 4 months to slowly expand the overlying skin.Then the expanders were removed,and different sizes of adjacent expanded skin flaps were used with rotation to repair the eyelid defects and restore normal position of palpebral margins.Results Satisfactory wound healing was obtained in all the 21 patients with no complication.Sixteen patients were followed-up for 1 to 16 months(mean 10 months),in them the expanded flap survived nicely with acceptable cosmetic result,and the postoperative scar was not conspicuous.No recurrence of ectropion occurred except one with mild ectropion due to termination of expanding treatment by the patient.Conclusion Tissue expansion technique is a reconstructive option for eyelid defects.

Objective To investigate the morphological changes of peritoneum during peritoneal dialysis (PD) and elucidate the possible mechanism of its functional deterioration. Methods Peritoneal biopsies were obtained from normal subjects( n = 10), uremic predialysis patients( n = 12) at catheter insertion and PD patients ( n = 10) at the time of catheter remove or reinsertion or renal transplantation, peritoneal morphology was studied by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Results Normal peritoneal membrane consisted of a monolayer of mesothelial cells on a basement membrane, and a layer of connective tissue containing cells, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and so on. Mesothelial cells were polygonal, often elongated, and had numerous microvilli on their luminal surface. Sometimes the microvilli ended with roundish formation or resembled a corona. There were lots of oval or roundish pinocytotic vesicles in the cytoplasm of mesothelial cell. Submesothelial connective tissue contained many collagen and elastic fibers. The peritoneal morphology of uremic predialysis patients was similar to that of normal subjects. But significant abnormalities of peritoneal morphology were observed in PD patients and the changes were progressive. Microvilli were the first site of damage, including microvilli shortening, gradual reduction in number and following total disappearance. Then mesolhelial cell detachment from basement membrane and total disappearances were found. Finally the peritoneal membrane only consisted of submesothelial connective tissue denudation of cells. Conclusions PD can modify peritoneal morphology and structure. The morphological change is progressive and might be one of the important causes of peritoneal failure. Peritoneal biopsy can provide lots of valuable informations about the impact of PD, and thus further study on the relationship between peritoneal structure and its function is very useful for understanding of the physiopathology of peritoneum during PD.

Objective To obtain information on the application value of percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration(PESA) and percutaneous testicle sperm aspiration(PTSA) in the differentiating diagnosis of obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia.Methods Sperm recovery procedures were done in infertile men with obstructive azoospermia(OA)(n=37) and nonobstructive azoospermia(NOA)(n=28) by PESA or PTSA.Cytological smears were analysed.Results Sperm was found in the 32 epididymides and 5 testicles of OA group and in the 7 epididymides and 11 testicles of NOA group.Sperm counts were significantly different in two groups.Conclusion PESA and PTSA are efficient methods in differentiating OA and NOA.

Objective To investigate the proliferation and collagen secretion of transplanted human fibroblasts.Methods The solution containing human fibroblasts(2?1010L-1)was prepared and 1 mL was injected into the dermis of BALB/CNU nude mice.Animals were killed by the end of the 1st,2nd and 3rd month after injection.The dermis in the injected area was taken out and stained with HE.Immunohistochemical staining for type I and type Ⅲ collagen was performed at the same time.Results Mitosis was observed by the end of the 1st,2nd and 3rd month.The concentration of type I and type Ⅲ collagen in the extra cellular matrix increased with the passing of time.Conclusion Transplanted human fibroblasts can proliferate automatically in the dermis of nude mice and manufacture the type I and type Ⅲ collagen in situ.Long period of survival and secretion will make it possible for fibroblasts to become promising option to correct minimal tissue defects.

Objectives To investigate the practical application of modified peritoneal equilibration test (modified PET) employing 4.25% glucose exchange in peritoneal dialysis patients and to assess the reference values and clinical significance of the test. Methods Modified PETs were performed in 97 patients without peritonitis for at least 4 weeks. Mass transfer area coefficient (MTAC) was calculated according to the Garred model. Creatinine D/P concentration ratio at 4 hr (4 h D/Pcr), sodium D/P concentration ratio at 1 hr (1 h D/PNa+) and net ultrafiltration (nUF) were also assessed. Ultrafiltration 0.05). 4 h D/Pcr and MTACcr of modified PET were significantly correlated with 4h D/Pcr of standard PET (P

Objective To review the treatment results of intracytoplasmic injection(ICSI) of epididymal or testicular sperm obtained from 38 obstructive azoospermic patients.Methods Sperm was retrieved by percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration(PESA) or testicular sperm extraction(TESE).Intracytoplasmic injection was performed.The rates of fertilization and clinical pregnancy were evaluated.Control group was set up in which intracytoplasmic injection was performed using sperm of ejaculation.Results Forty-one treatment cycles were performed in the 38 obstructive azoospermc patients.The rates of fertilization and clinical pregnancy were 73.3% and 53.6%.Thirty-three treatment cycles were done in the 31 ejaculatory ones.The rates of fertilization and clinical pregnancy were 75.1% and 48.4%.No significant difference was seen between the two groups.In the obstructive azoospermia group,22 clinical pregnancies were achieved including 13 live deliveries and 3 ongoing pregnancies and 6 miscarriages.In the ejaculatory group,16 clinical pregnancies were achieved including 10 live deliveries and 5 ongoing pregnancies and 1 miscarriages.Conclusions ICSI with PESA or TESE is an effective method for treatment of obstructive azoospermic patients.

Antigens, Bacterial ; immunology ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; immunology ; Signal Transduction ; immunology ; Vaccines, Subunit ; immunology

Objective To compare the outcomes of patients starting peritoneal dialysis (PD)within two weeks and more than two weeks after catheter implantation.Methods All the patients undergoing Tenckhoff catheter implantation and initiating PD in Renji Hospital from January 2001 to December 2010 were enrolled in the study.Patients started PD within 2 weeks after catheter insertion were defined as urgent group,and those started PD 2 weeks later were defined as planned group.Kaplan-Meier curves and Log-rank tests were used to compare outcomes between two groups.Results Among 657 patients in this study,median break-in period was 6 days of 469 (71.4％)patients in urgent group and 26 days of 188 (28.6％) patients in planned group.Compared to planned group,patients of urgent group were younger [(52.6± 17.3) vs (56.1± 15.3) year,P =0.017],had less eGFR [(5.36±2.03) vs (6.50±2.50) ml· min-1 · (1.73 m2)-1,P ＜ 0.01],lower serum albumin [(34.0±5.7) vs (36.2±5.9) g/L,P ＜ 0.01] and hemoglobin [(76.9± 18.8) vs (80.8 ± 17.9) g/L,P =0.018],and higher phosphate [(2.19±0.67) vs (1.98±0.52) mmol/L,P＜ 0.01].Urgent group presented more catheter dysfunctions needed to transfer to hemodialysis (2.1％ vs 0％,P =0.044).The 1-,2-,3-and 5-year technique survival rates of urgent and planned group were 94％ vs 98％,92％ vs 94％,90％ vs 92％and 86％ vs 85％ respectively.There was no significant difference in technique survival (Log-rank =1.536,P =0.22) and peritonitis-free survival (Log-rank =0.035,P =0.85) between two groups.The 1-,2-,3-and 5-year patient survival rates of urgent and planned group were 90％ vs 95％,81％ vs 90％,74％ vs 79％ and 67％ vs 74％ respectively,and no significant difference was found (Log-rank =2.364,P =0.12).Conclusions Although patients needing urgent initial PD have poorer residual renal function and nutritional condition compared to those of planned initial PD,their outcomes are similar.Peritoneal dialysis may be a feasible and safe dialysis modality for patients who need urgent start.

Objective To investigate the impact of calcium phosphate crystals induced by uremic serum on calcification of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs).Methods Uremic serum was incubated at 37℃ for 3 days.Calcium phosphate crystals and uremic supernatant were isolated from uremic serum by uhracentrifugation.Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) were performed for analysis of morphological and chemical characteristics of the crystals.HASMCs were treated in vitro with control medium,uremic serummedium,calcium phosphate crystals-medium and uremic supernatant-medium.Calcification was visualizcd by Alizarin red staining.Calcium loads in cells were quantified by o-cresolphthalein complexone method.Gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2),osteopontin (OPN) and core-binding factor α1 (Cbfα1),alkaline phosphate (ALP) and matrix gamma carboxyglutamic acid protein (MGP) were quantified by real-time PCR.Cbfα1,OPN and BMP-2 protein levels were determined by Western blotting or ELISA.Results Calcium phosphate crystals which induced by uremic serum displayed laminated shapes containing crystallized needle-like projections and ranged from 30-500 nm,with Ca/P ratios of 1.41 ±0.05.Compared with the cells in control group,uremic serum induced HASMCs calcification,increased calcium loads (P ＜ 0.05),up-regulated BMP-2,OPN,Cbfα1 mRNA and protein expression (all P＜ 0.01).Similar to uremic serum,calcium phosphate crystals also induced HASMCs calcification,increased calcium loads (P＜0.05),and up-regulated BMP-2,OPN,Cbfα1 mRNA and protein expression (all P ＜ 0.01).However,there was no significant difference between HASMCs growing in uremic supernatant and control medium in calcium loads or the expression levels of these osteogenic proteins (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Calcium phosphate crystals induced by uremic serum promote HASMCs calcification,which might be one of the mechanisms of uremic vascular calcification.