Tumor stem cells (TSCs) are a group of cells which have self-renewal and differentiation potential in tumor tissues.TSCs not only play an important role in the occurrence and development in tumors , but also are closely related to tumors′invasion,metastasis,heterogeneity and chemo-resistance.Further research of TSCs has become a hot spot .This review intends to explain the formation of TSCs ,the relationship between TSCs and the microenvironment , as well as the model of the TSC microenvironment .Signalling pathways and regulatory factors of TSCs are also discussed .

AIM:To investigate the effect of small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery on corneal endothelial cell.METHODS:Totally 140 cataract patients (152 eyes) treated in our hospital from August 2013 to March 2016 were selected.All of the patients underwent small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery.Before surgery and at 1wk, 1mo and 3mo after surgery, we measured the corneal endothelium of upper cornea, the central cornea and the lower part of cornea.The proportion and density of hexagonal cells, loss rate and cell area in corneal endothelial cells were calculated and compared.RESULTS:Postoperatively 36 eyes had posterior elastic layer folds, aqueous flare, which disappeared after treatment.After surgery, corneal incision was found to have mild corneal edema.No other complications were found.A total of 128 patients (137 eyes) were followed up for a total of up to 3mo, with a loss of follow-up in 12 patients (15 eyes).After surgery, corneal endothelial cell density of the upper part of the cornea, the central cornea and the lower part of cornea, was statistically significantly different with each other (F=3.526, P=0.031), the difference in different time points was statistically significant (F=4.111, P=0.018).The postoperative corneal endothelial cell loss rate was statistically significant different between the three groups (F=3.526, P=0.031), at different time pionts (F=4.111, P=0.018).There was statistical significance of percentage of hexagonal cells between the three groups (F=4.348, P=0.014), the difference was significantly different between different time points (F=4.964, P=0.008).There was statistical significance of corneal endothelial cell area between the three groups (F=3.180, P=0.044), the difference was significantly different between the time points (F=3.511, P=0.032).CONCLUSION:After small incision non-phacoemulsification cataract surgery, corneal endothelial cell density decreased, hexagonal cell proportion decreased, corneal cell area expanded.

The surgical treatment for portal hypertension (PHT) aims to control and prevent the gastroesophageal variceal bleeding.The choices of surgical timing and procedures are dependent on the liver reserve function.Except for Child-Pugh classification and model for end-stage liver disease scoring system,the future liver remrant and pre-albumin are the important evaluation indexes,meanwhile,the choice of surgical procedures would be dependent on portal hemodynamics that can reduce incidence of rebleeding of postoperative hepatic encephalopathy.Hepatic venous pressure gradient is the most important objective index forecasting bleeding risk and severity of PHT.

Objective To investigate the analgesic efficacy of intravenous administration of lidocaine in patients following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Methods Twenty-five ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 30-55 yr,weighing 50-70 kg, scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were enrolled in this study. Lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg was injected intravenously immediately before anesthesia. Anesthesia was induced with intravenous fentanyl 2 μg/kg, propofol 2 mg/kg and rocuronium 1 mg/kg and maintained with inhalation of isoflurane (end-tidal concentration 1.5%-2.0%) and intermittent iv boluses of rocuronium after tracheal intubation. Lidocaine was infused abdominal intravenously at a rate of 1.5mg·kg-1·h-1 form the end of ofperation to 24 h after operation. The degree of abdominal pain and shoulder pain was assessed with VAS score at 1, 6, 12 and 24 h after operation. The effective analgesia was defined as VAS score of ≤ 3. The adverse reactions were recorded. Results The effective analgesia rate was 100% within 24 h after operation. No adverse reactions occurred. Conclusion Intravenous administration of lidocaine exerts satisfactory analgesia in patients after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Objective To establish and investigate C57 BL/6 mice model of radiation induced heart injury and ser-um marker. Methods Twenty eight female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 3 groups:normal group (n=4 ) , 18 Gy radiation therapy group ( n=12 ) , 25 Gy radiation therapy group ( n=12 ) . The mice were weighed every week. Respectively, 0, 8 and 16 weeks after irradiation, the pathological changes of myocardial tissue were observed by hemetoxylin-eosin( HE) staining and made pathological score. Inferior vena cava blood was collected to take cardiac troponin I ( cTnI) test. Results Compared with the normal group,the weight of radiation group went down first then went up slowly. The myocardial tissue from mice had obvious histopathological changes. Acute in-flammation was the main change in the early days. At the late stage, progressive fibrosis was the main characteris-tic. With the increase of the dose, the inflammatory reaction and fibrosis degree had aggravated, pathological chan-ges had occurred earlier. cTnI showed a trend of higher performance over time, and had a correlation with patholo-gy. Conclusion We successfully established radiation induced myocaridal injury model. As a noninvasive serum marker, cTnI can be used as the evaluation standard of radiation induced myocardial injury animal model.

Ionimplantationtechniqueisamethodthatprocessingthematerialsurfacesinordertochangetheirsurfacechemical,physical and mechanical properties in vacuum environment.Titanium and titanium alloys modified by different types of ions can change their surface properties and characteristics,thereby improving the osseointegration and antibacterial properties of titanium implant.This review summarizes the researches of titanium implant surface modified by different ions implanting.

Objective To detect and determine the specificity of platelet-reactive antibodies in patients who were refractory to platelet transfusions.Methods Serum samples from 48 patients who were refractory to platelet transfusions were screened with MACE for platelet-reactive antibodies.Specificity of platelet alloantibodies was determined with PAK12 and MAIPA.Results Platelet-reactive antibodies were detected in the serum of 50% PTR patients(24/48).The incidence of HLA antibodies was 39.6%(19/48),accounting for 79.2% of serum with platelete alloantibodies.The HPA alloantibodies were found in 29.2%(14/48)serum,of which,64.3%(9/14)occurred together with anti-HLA.The following platelet-specific antibodies were identified:anti-HPA-3a(n=2),anti-HPA-5b(n=1),anti-HPA-5a(n=1),anti-HPA-2b(n=1),anti-HPA-4b(n=1).Of the 14 serum with HPA antibodies,78.6%(11/14)contained panreactive anibodies against platelet glycoprotein(GP)Ⅱb/Ⅲa,GPⅠa/Ⅱa,and/or GPⅠb/Ⅸ.Platelet-reactive antibodies were detected more in female(16/29)than in male(8/19)with a frequency of 55.2%,42.1%,respectively,but there was no statistical significant difference.Conclusion The platelet-specific antibody in PTR patients are not as rare as previous thought although alloantibodies are predominantly anti-HLA.Antibody specificities in Chinese PTR patients are different from those observed in Caucasians,in whom anti-HPA-5b and-1b are the most prevalent specificity.The most prevalent platelet-specific antibodies are anti-HPA-3 and anti-HPA-5 while anti-HPA-4b and anti-HPA-2b are also detected.

A typical smooth-form lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Salmonella abortus equi was fractionated into a S (smooth)-and a R (rough)-fraction and their serological and biological properties were investigated. It was shown that S- fraction expressed an O-antigenicity while R-fraction predominately a Rb-antigenicity. The R-fraction was endowed with higher bioactivities than the S-fraction in lethal toxicity, local Shwartzman reaction and pyrogenicity. Both S-and R-fractions were active in inducing mitogenicity to murine spleen cells. A reconstituted LPS preparation with fractionated S-fraction and a trace amount of R-fraction (1% of the original preparation) exhibited a same extent of lethal toxicity as that of the original one. Antr-Ra and -Rb antiserum with a liter of 1?4096 showed a .highly effective protection against the lethal challenge of LPS, indicating that the R-fraction in the natural LPS preparations plays a critical role to the lethality of LPS.

Superoxide anion releasing from activated murine macrophages stimulated with recombinant human interferon-? (IFN-?), tumour necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) and bacterial lipopolysaccharidc were studied. The results showed that both of the cytokines enhanced superoxide anion release in a dose and time - dependent manner, but lipopolysaccharide had no such an effect as compared with IFN-? and TNF-?. It was also shown that O2- generation from macrophages was highly enhanced after primed with IFN-? or TNF-? for 24 hours. It was concluded from these data that cytokines released from macrophages and lymphocytes during inflammatory reactions could promote O2- generation which may play a crucial role in destruction or kill of intracellular pathogenic bacteria, and tumour cells.

To investigate the potential use of synthetic stabilized ribozymes for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection,we designed and synthesized 2 hammerhead ribozymes (Rz213 and Rz498) targeting conserved sites in the 5′noncoding region (NCR) and C gene of HCV RNA.Constructed to the eukaryotic vector pcDNA3, the two ribozymes were respectively or simultaneously transfected with lipofectamine into WISHnc transgenic cells, which could express permanently HCV C luciferase protein under the control of HCV 5′NCR.The expression of C luciferase was measured by luminometer.The results showed that the luciferase activities were significantly down regulated in the WISHnc cells, and the inhibitory rates were 42.94%～67.81% within 7 days after ribozymes transfection. There was no significant differences between Rz213 or Rz498 and co transfection, but adding the target site of ribozymes might prevent host cells from the loss of ribozyme therapeutic effect due to viral gene mutation.