Medical art are essential in consumer health education,facilitating consumers to un-derstand medical concepts,invisible body parts and complex pathology. This paper reviewed the origin and development medical arts,analyzed the characteristics of medical arts specific for consumers rather than professionals,and discussed the opportunities and challenges of medical arts in internet era.

Objective To investigate the average serum level and risk factors of serum cystatin C in Chinese healthy adults.Methods A total of 15 918 healthy adults who received health assessments in Peking Union Medical College Hospital during January 2012 and March 2013 were enrolled in this crosssection study.Serum cystatin C was measured.Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by creatinine (eGFRcr).Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to assess factors that contribute to cystatin C variability.Results The mean serum cystatin C level was (0.79 ±0.14) mg/L (95％ reference interval (RI) was 0.56-1.08 mg/L).Male showed significantly higher cystatin C level than female (mean (0.84 ±0.13) vs (0.73 ±0.13) mg/L; RI 0.64-1.11 mg/L and 0.54-1.03 mg/L,respectively; P=0.000).Differences between genders are still significant after subgrouped by age.In the young-age group (age≤44 years old),the mean serum cystatin C level was (0.81 ±0.11)mg/L in male and (0.68 ±0.09)mg/L in female,P =0.000.In the middle-age group (45-59 years old),the mean cystatin C level was (0.85 ±0.12) mg/L in male and (0.75 ±0.12) mg/L in female,P =0.000.In the elderly group (≥60 yrs),the mean serum cystatin C level was (0.97 ±0.18) mg/L in male and (0.89 ±0.19) mg/L in female,P =0.000.Serum cystain C was increased with ages (in male:r =0.274,P =0.000 ; in femal,r =0.470,P =0.000).Differences between each two age groups are all significant for both gender,P =0.000.Cystatin C level in male is respectively (0.81 ±0.ll)mg/L,(0.85 ±0.12) mg/L and (0.97 ± 0.18) mg/L in the young-age,middle-age and elderly group.Cystatin C level in female is respectively (0.68 ±0.09) mg/L,(0.75 ±0.12) mg/L and (0.89 ±0.19) mg/L in the young-age,middle-age and elderly group.Male gender,older age,lower body weight,lower eGFRcr,lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,lower fasting blood glucose,increased mean blood pressure,higher body mass index and triglyceride were significantly associated with increased serum cystatin C level.Body weight,total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were not risk factors of cystatin C.Conclusion Serum cystatin C level may be influenced by gender,age and other factors in Chinese healthy adults.

Since it is one of the hotspots to discover the new knowledge in life science in data-intensive scientific discovery by integrating the biomedical literature and scientific data that can provide an open environment for their interactive operation , the mining of foreign and domestic biomedical literature and integration of scientific data were analyzed , the corresponding systems for different integration methods were investigated , the development trend in biomedical literature and scientific data integration was predicted .

With the wide application of liver transplantation techniques,rapid development of digital imaging medicine and continuous update of surgical implements,the theory of precision hepatectomy still keeps optimizing.Precision hepatectomy is not a surgical implement or surgical technique,but a concept of liver surgery emphasizing less bleeding,minimal invasion,fast recovery and long-term curative effect,which is updating and improving with the development of modern science.Much less intraoperative bleeding,shorter operation time,better postoperative recovery and long-term survival should be the chief pursuit and principle of precision hepatectomy.

Objective To investigate the effects of distraction on tourniquet pain in healthy subjects .Methods Tourniquet pain was induced by the tourniquet at continuous pressure of 200 mm Hg for 10 min .20 healthy college students were asked to perform two distraction tasks during the pressure ,one of which is pictorial dot-probe task with three kinds of emotional pictures ,the other is word dot-probe task with five kinds of pain-related words ,and a control task ,in which no distraction task was performed .The pain intensity ,pain distress were recorded by Visual Rating Scale(VRS)and Modified McGill Pain Questionnaire short-form(MPQ-SF) . Results Compared with the control task[(4 .1 ± 1 .8) ,(4 .0 ± 1 .8)] ,the pain intensity and distress were significant lower in picture [(3 .1 ± 1 .3) ,(3 .0 ± 1 .2)]and word[(3 .3 ± 1 .4) ,(3 .4 ± 1 .5)] distraction tasks[(F(2 ,8)=21 .424 ,P<0 .001;F(2 ,8)=17 .962 ,P<0 .001)] .The pain distress in word distraction task (3 .4 ± 1 .5) was higher than that in the pictorial distraction task (3 .0 ± 1 .2) (P<0 .05) .Meanwhile ,for the last four minutes ,the pain intensity was significant lower in pictorial distraction task compared with the control task(P<0 .05) .And at the beginning of the experiment ,the pain distress was significant lower in pictorial[(2 .3 ± 0 .7) , (2 .5 ± 0 .8)]and word[(2 .4 ± 0 .8) ,(2 .9 ± 0 .9)] distraction task compared with the control task [(3 .7 ± 1 .3) ,(4 .0 ± 1 .4)](P<0 .05) .Compared with the control task (5 .0 ± 1 .6) ,the present pain index (PPI) was significant lower in the pictorial distraction task(3 .5 ± 1 .4)(F=5 .097 ,P<0 .05) .Conclusion The tourniquet pain was attenuated by distraction of cognitive tasks in pain in-tensity and pain distress .

Background choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the common reason of visual acuity impairment in high myopia patients,which usually leads to irreversible central visual impairment.Objective This study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of conbercept intravitreal injection for CNV in high myopia.Methods Fifteen high myopia patients with macular CNV diagnosed by OCT and fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) from July 2014 to July 2015 were retrospectively analyzed.All patients were performed with intravitreal injection of conbercept 0.5 mg (0.05 ml).The best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were examined 1 day,l week,4,8 and 12 weeks after injection.The ocular and systemic complications relating to drug were also observed.Results Fifteen eyes of 15 patients totally received 45 times of conbercept intravitreal injection.Among the total,1 eye only received 1 time of treatment,2 eyes received 2 times of treatment,12 eyes received 3 times of treatment and 1 eye received 4 times of treatments.After 12 weeks of treatment,FFA showed that fluorescein leakage disappeared in 10 eyes;fluorescein leakage area decreased in 4 eyes;fluorescein leakage was continued in 1 eye.The BCVA before treatment and at 4,8 and 12 weeks after treatment were 0.61 ±0.46,0.60±0.43,0.41±0.53 and 0.41±0.51,with significant difference among them (F=7.862,P＜0.001).The CMT before treatment and at 4,8 and 12 weeks after treatment were (280.33±14.40),(269.00±10.10),(261.93±7.80) and (259.53±6.30) μm respectively,with significant difference among them (F =32.520,P＜0.001).None of the patients conducted anterior chamber puncture because of elevated intraocular pressure,and no intraocular inflammation,vitreous hemorrhage,retinal detachment and cardiovascular disease or other serious complications occurred.Conclusions Intravitreal injection of conbercept can relieve macular edema and improve the vision.It is an effective method for the treatment of CNV associated with high myopia,but long-term follow-up observation still need to perform.

[Summary] In recent years , ultrasound guidance has been widely used in local anesthesia , particularly in peripheral nerve blockage .Ultrasound guided neuraxial blockage is also making progress .Previous studies have shown that pre-puncture ultrasound scanning could provide useful information on the correct intervertebral interspace , the midline of the spine , the optimal puncture point , the appropriate angle for needle insertion , and the distance from skin to the spinal canal .In this review, the ultrasonographic techniques and image analysis , as well as its clinical use , including pre-puncture scanning and real-time guidance for spinal and epidural anesthesia , were summarized .

Objective To evaluate the relationship between thyroid autoantibodies (ATA)and pregnancy outcome of infertility women after assisted reproductive technology (ART). Methods Relevant studies were identified by searching PubMed, Cochrane library, CNKI and CBM. Results 7 studies were appropriate for meta-analyses and total 4165 patiens were included. Meta analysis shows that the pregnancy rate difference between ATA positive patients and controls have no significance, but the miscarriage rate is greater significant between them. In the meta-analyses, the presence of thyroid antibodies was associated with an increased risk of miscarriage (OR 1.85, 95%CI 1.32~2.59), compared with the absence of thyroid antibodies. Conclusion Pregnant women with thyroid antibodies have an increased risk of complications, especially miscarriage. Future research,should focus on the treatment and thyroid disease on pregnancy outcome.

Recent studies show that autophagy ont only plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in cells,but also palys a double role in the tumorigenesis and development of cancer.Studying the molecular mechanisms of autophagy and the relationship between autophagy and cancer have great significance for cancer treatment and prevention.

Recently, the morbidity of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) has increased annually. American Thyroid Association (ATA) published the management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and DTC in 2006 in order to standardize their management. The ATA guidelines was updated for the ifrst time in 2009 and its renewed version was completed in 2015 based on the considerable progress that had been made in the ifelds such as diagnostic assessment and management of thyroid nodules, surgery and radioactive iodine therapy for DTC in recent years. This article tried to interpret the updated contents about radioactive iodine therapy for DTC in 2015 version of the guidelines.